Missile damage

Fires sometimes initiate, or are followed by, explosions resulting in blast damage, missiles ete. 

The K-, L-, and P-Reactor IMsassembly Batin filtration systems maintain the IMsassembbr Batins water visual clarity within spedfications by r oving particulate and suspended solids in foe basin water via sand filters fed 1 two sand fitter feed lines. One of the two sand filters the K- and P-Reactor Disassembly Basins is no long in service, so a total of one 1000 gpm foed line is actually used to supper foe remainii sand filter. L-Reactor Disassembly Basin has two satui filters, ff foe 1000 sent to foe sand filter is not replenished (due to leak or rmsdirection), a 1000 gpm dnundown will ensue (2000 gpm leak for L-Reactor). This event bounds the natural phenomena damage (missile, tornado, straight-wind) to foe sand filters. 

Internal explosion (inside equipment). May be prompted by uncontrolled reaction, equipment testing, filling, purging, or physical overpressure. Immediate consequence equipment damage, missile/fragment, structural damage. 

INTERNAL EXPLOSION (in equipment) e.g. Contained explosion, relieved explosion, burnt containment, defonation CONFINED EXPLOSION (in building/ structure) or DETONATION EQUIPMENT DAMAGE MISSILES/FRAGEMENTATION L.O.C, BLAST DAMAGE KNOCK-ON (PRESSURE FILING ) STR U( rURAL DAMAGE A, C, E, F, G, J, M A,C,E,F,G,J,M A, Cj 5 ... 

CODE a Windows and gauges break. h Dehris-missile damage occurs. V Frame deforms. 

This chapter overviews the techniques for incorporating external events into a PSA. The discussion was primarily aimed at nuclear power plants but is equally applicable to chemical process plants. The types of external events discussed were earthquakes, fires and floods. Notably absent were severe winds and tornados. Tornados are analyzed as missiles impacting the structures and causing common-cause failures of systems (EPRINP-768). Missile propagation and the resulting damage is a specialized subject usually solved with computer codes. 

Ice and hail, snow, etc. can cause a loss of off-site power. The reactor building was designed to withstand blast pressure of 1,000 Ibs/ft can withstand tornado missile impact (Sharp, 1986). A tornado could damage the reactor by hitting the river water pump houses similar to the flooding scenario. 

Fifty minutes later, a second sphere exploded, and a third sphere emptied itself through broken pipework. Three other butane spheres ruptured without creating any flying missiles. The village of Feyzin, 400 m (0.25 mi) from the blast site suffered widespread but minor blast damage. 

A BLEVE can produce fragments that fly away rapidly from the explosion source. These primary fragments, which are part of the original vessel wall, are hazardous and may result in damage to structures and injuries to people. Primary missile effects are determined by the number, shape, velocity, and trajectory of fragments. 

Debris-missile damage occurs Unit moves and pipes break Bracing fails Unit uplifts (half-filled)... 

In 1991 at Hanau, Frankfurt (Germany), a tank of 100 m3 hydrogen pressurized at 45 bars burst when stored outdoors in an industrial plant. The shock wave and the missiles of the tank shell caused heavy damage on the plant units. Investigations showed that welding in the metallic shell suffered from extensive cracks from the inner side to the outside. Likely, the comers along the welding caused concentration of stresses so that the first cracks... 

An explosion occurring in a confined vessel or structure can rupture the vessel or structure, resulting in the projection of debris over a wide area. This debris, or missiles, can cause appreciable injury to people and damage to structures and process equipment. Unconfined explosions also create missiles by blast wave impact and subsequent translation of structures. 

People can be injured by explosions from direct blast effects (including overpressure and thermal radiation) or indirect blast effects (mostly missile damage). 

Missiles - items thrown by the blast of expanding gases might cause damage or escalation. 

Ground zero Location of a nuclear explosion. Exact location may be in the air (using a bomb or missile) or underground but is assumed in this text to be detonated on the ground, where it will do the most damage. 

A "pipe trench" is an installation of process and utility piping on supports within a below grade, open excavated trench. Pipe trenches may provide some protection from damage due to explosion overpressures or explosion fragments or missiles. 

Explosions or ruptures of vessels or process equipment from internal deflagrations, runaway reactions or pressure explosions with possible damaging shock wave and missile ejection. 

Delays, as used in missile fuzes, are usually employed to secure enhanced damage by allowing the missile to penetrate the target to the optimum depth. They may also be used in a wide variety of operations when it is desired to have one operation follow another after elapse of preselected time interval"... 

Fig. 10.2. Successive ply layers of a glass-fibre-reinforced composite (GFRP) damaged by impact of a missile from an air-gun 50 MHz (sample from Kyoto University,...

Highly accurate trajectory information is required in the development of a missile system. One method of obtaining this information for a missile at high altitudes is to photograph the flash produced by a photoflash cartridge ejected a distance sufficient to prevent damage to the missile in flight. A device was developed which produces a series of flashes with a known time interval between them (Ref 3)... 

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