DAISY

Tausend-guldenkraut, n. leaser centaury (Ery thraea centaurium). -schon, n. daisy. Tausendstel, n. thousandth (part), tautomer, a. tautomeric. 

Although rare, side effects such as nausea and other mild gastrointestinal effects may occur. Individuals with allergiesto daisy-type ptantsare more susceptible to reactions... 

LMC thanks the National Science Foundation, the Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowship, and the NSFIGERT Materials Creation Training Program (MCTP) - (Grant number DGE-0114443) for graduate support. We also thank NSE for support through grants CHE-0551938 and DMR-0605688. 

Since the fitting process is an iterative one, an initial guess for the parameters must be obtained. This is often the most troublesome and/or inconvenient aspect of any optmization procedure. We have developed an interactive front-end for our fitting routine that is both fairly convenient and effective in this context. All initial parameters are generated from responses to prompts. First the data is displayed (in our case, for device independence, on a conventional line printer daisy-chained to the CRT terminal). From this display, esitmates of E j and Ep at a given... 

Daisy = < height at shoulder, weight, breed, predominant color, spot-ted( ), sex, average weekly milk yield, disposition... >... 

The vector of properties is a kind of chromosome, a code that defines the genotype of the individual. This sequence of values specifies the "genetic makeup" that (possibly uniquely) defines the animal. In Daisy s case, not all of the animal s characteristics are defined by her biological genetic code we have included in the vector other characteristics that would help to pick her out from the kine (cattle) crowd. In a similar way, a single GA solution can be constructed as a "chromosome" or genome in vector form, which contains all the information needed to define the potential solution to a scientific problem. 

Despite a considerable decrease in its inhibitory activity in the solid-phase inhibition assays (with an IC50 of 300 nM, corresponding to a 50-fold increase compared with 160), an equivalent decrease in performance of the so-called DAISY (161) in the more challenging SLT-I and SLT-II verocytotoxicity-neutralization assays was not... 

Graves, P.M., etal. Prospective study of enteroviral infections and development of beta-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes autoimmunity study in the young (DAISY), Diabetes Res. Clin. 

The carriers were impregnated and calcinated in the laboratory, and the activity was subsequently measured in the set-up shown in Fig. 9. The vanadium content was varied in the range 2-5 wt% and the molar ratios between alkali promoter and vanadium were varied in the ranges 0-4 for K/V, 0-2 for Na/V, and 0-3 for Cs/V. The sulphur content was about the same in all impregnations. The measured activities for 3 catalyst compositions A, B, and C impregnated on the same carrier and with the same vanadium content and molar ratios of K/V and Na/V are given in Table 1. The extrudates are made in the 9 mm Daisy form, which is the special 5-finned ring offered by Haldor Topsoe (Fig. 3). The observed pellet activity is reported as a pseudo-1st order rate constant calculated from... 

In order to optimize the size and shape of the catalyst particle, activities for pellets produced from the same material were measured for different sizes and shapes. Some of the results are reported in Table 2. The measured ki values show that 9-mm particles are 35% more active than 12-mm particles and that the activity of a 9-mm VK69 is 2.3 times better than a conventional VK38 in the form of a 12-mm Daisy. 

The activity in terms of 1st order rate constant khcalc was calculated in Table 2 from (8) and (9) with effective diffusivity Dejf=5.3-10 6 m2/s and intrinsic rate constant =33000 Nm3/h/m3 = 23 s"1 fitted to the measurements. This simple and useful method models the measured influence of particle size satisfactorily for a first optimization of particle size and shape. The 35% higher activity measured for the 9-mm Daisy compared to the 12-mm Daisy, however, exceeds the 25% expected from (8), and this illustrates the importance of measuring the activity of the actual shape. 

Pellet size Shape 10 mm Ring 12 mm Daisy 9 mm Daisy 1-2 mm crushed... 

Table 3. Strength test results for two carriers produced as 12 mm Daisy from similar recipes except for the amount of binder.

Figure 12. Measured pressure drop for cylindrical rings and Daisy-shapes...

The screening of carriers, catalyst composition, particle sizes and shapes showed indeed, that a much more active catalyst could be made with Cs as a secondary promoter for the beds downstream the intermediate absorption tower. The best candidates were selected, and some m3 of each recipe were produced as 9-mm and 12-mm Daisy extrudates in a successful commercial-scale test production. The activities were as expected from the previous development work, and a 30 day activity test also confirmed it to be stable during this period. 

The laboratory tests as well as the industrial canister tests demonstrated excellent long-term stability of both activity and mechanical strength for the VK69 formulations selected for the tests. For the optimisation of pellet size and shape, the results for activity, fractional void, and pressure drop must be compared as shown in Table 6 for 10 mm rings, 12 mm Daisy-shape, and 9 mm Daisy-shape. 

Others take a more balanced approach, and are quite happy to tolerate "weeds" such as clover and daisies. 

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