Cyclotrimerization with 1,3-butadiene

A number of compounds with this ring system (163), including dispiro derivatives, are formed by the catalytic cooligomerization of ketazines or aldazines with butadiene (Scheme 186)249 reactions of this type are analogous to the catalytic cyclotrimerization of butadiene to cyclodecatriene.250... 

In Scheme 2.3-3 some examples of the influence of DO/ACC-perturbations in and at the catalytically reacting tr-systems are given. It reveals the influence of CH3-or other alkyl-groups af the tr-system and that of the nitrogen atoms in the rr-system for the Ni-catalyzed 2 1 co-cyclotrimerization of butadiene with these substrates. 

The formation of CDT is suppressed if ethylene as well as butadiene is brought into contact with a naked-nickel catalyst. Depending on the reaction conditions, the product is a mixture of m,tram-1,5-cyclodecadiene (CDD) and 1,tram-4,9-decatriene (DT) (90). With equal concentration of butadiene and ethylene the co-oligomerization occurs some six times faster than the cyclotrimerization of butadiene to CDT. 

In the reaction of Ni(0)-phosphine complexes with butadiene Cg allyl complexes are formed, whereas Cjj allyl complexes are the products in the absence of phosphines. The Ni-catalyzed cyclotrimerization of butadiene to cyclododecatriene can be made to produce 1,5-cyclooctadiene, vinylcyclohexene or divinylcyclobutane instead by addition of phosphines . 

Bis(rv -trans oriented r -anti aUylic groups have been confirmed by NMR as intermediates of the stoichiometric cyclotrimerization of butadiene [6b,26b], and are also computationally predicted to be the thermodynamically favorable dodecatrienediyl-Ni" species. These stereoisomers are calculated to be 1.7 kcal mol lower in free energy relative to the stereoisomer 11 depicted in Scheme 4 [4c,d]... 

Pd-cataly2ed reactions of butadiene are different from those catalyzed by other transition metal complexes. Unlike Ni(0) catalysts, neither the well known cyclodimerization nor cyclotrimerization to form COD or CDT[1,2] takes place with Pd(0) catalysts. Pd(0) complexes catalyze two important reactions of conjugated dienes[3,4]. The first type is linear dimerization. The most characteristic and useful reaction of butadiene catalyzed by Pd(0) is dimerization with incorporation of nucleophiles. The bis-rr-allylpalladium complex 3 is believed to be an intermediate of 1,3,7-octatriene (7j and telomers 5 and 6[5,6]. The complex 3 is the resonance form of 2,5-divinylpalladacyclopentane (1) and pallada-3,7-cyclononadiene (2) formed by the oxidative cyclization of butadiene. The second reaction characteristic of Pd is the co-cyclization of butadiene with C = 0 bonds of aldehydes[7-9] and CO jlO] and C = N bonds of Schiff bases[ll] and isocyanate[12] to form the six-membered heterocyclic compounds 9 with two vinyl groups. The cyclization is explained by the insertion of these unsaturated bonds into the complex 1 to generate 8 and its reductive elimination to give 9. 

The cyclotrimer products are liberated in subsequent, consecutive substitution steps with new butadiene, which is an exothermic reaction (AH) for expulsion of all-t-CDT by three /ran.v-butadienes along 8b —> l b. This process, however, is endergonic by 7 kcal mol-1 (AG) after entropic costs are taken into account. Therefore, 7b and 8b (stabilized by donors) are indicated to be likely candidates for isolable intermediates of the catalytic process, while the active catalyst l b, the intermediate species 2b, in particular, and other species will not be present in a sufficient concentration, since they are either too reactive or thermodynamically too unfavorable, for experimental characterization. Overall, the cyclotrimerization process is driven by a strong thermodynamic force with an exothermicity of —44.6 kcal mol-1 (AH for the process without a catalyst) for the fusion of three trans-butadiene to afford the favorable all-t-CDT. 

Unlike nickel catalysts, palladium catalysts undergo neither cyclodimerization nor cyclotrimerization to form COD or CDT. Only one paper by Chepaikin and Khidekel reported that a mixture of divinylcyclobu-tanes was obtained from butadiene using palladium salts with noncom-plexing anions such as perchlorate and boron tetrafluoride (15). This is a big difference between the catalyses of palladium and nickel. 

The patent literature contains several references to the use of sulfoxide complexes, usually generated in situ, as catalyst precursors in oligomerization and polymerization reactions. Thus, a system based upon bis(acrylonitrile)nickel(0> with added Me2SO or EtgSO is an effective cyclotrimerization catalyst for the conversion of butadiene to cyclo-1,5,-9-dodecatriene (44). A similar system based on titanium has also been reported (407). Nickel(II) sulfoxide complexes, again generated in situ, have been patented as catalyst precursors for the dimerization of pro-pene (151) and the higher olefins (152) in the presence of added alkyl aluminum compounds. 

Metal-catalyzed [4 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerizations of either heteroatom-containing enyne 62 with 1,3-butadiene (Eq. 17) [42] or heteroatom-containing dienyne 64 with an alkyne (Eq. 18) [43] are effected by cationic rhodium complexes generated in situ from a chlo-rorhodium complex modified with silver salts. These processes afford eight-membered ring products 63 and 65, respectively. In both processes, the nature and amount of the silver salt profoundly affect the outcomes. 

This article describes further progress in the chemistry of 7r-allylnickel compounds. First, preparative methods for 7r-allylnickel halides, alkoxides, amides, and alkyls are described. Next, some chemical properties of these compounds—e.g., a recently observed disproportionation reaction—are discussed. Then, the use of 7r-allylnickel halides as homogeneous catalysts is discussed. Whereas bis (7r-allyl) nickel is a catalyst for butadiene cyclotrimerization, 7r-allylnickel halides combined with Lewis acids, such... 

The metallacyclic compounds react with protic reagents to yield the corresponding substituted 1,3-butadienes and the iodination reactions give the 1,4-diiodo 1,3-butadiene derivatives (Scheme 122). Reactions with different unsaturated organic molecules have also been investigated. They catalyze the cyclotrimerization of a range of alkynes. Terminal alkynes with small substituents produce the 1,2,4-trisubstituted benzene, preferentially, in an exothermic reaction. The more bulky substrates BuTl CH and Me3SiC=CH react more slowly and only the symmetrical 1,3,5-isomer is produced (Scheme 122).174... 

Another important factor in catalysis is the selectivity of a catalytic reaction. So far, however, information on the atom-by-atom evolution of this astonishing catalytic selectivity is still lacking. In this example, we illustrate such a size-dependent selectivity with the polymerization of acetylene on palladium nanocatalysts [46]. This reaction over supported Pd particles reveals a direct correspondence between reactivities observed on model systems and the behavior of industrial catalysts under working conditions [66]. In ultra-high vacuum (UHV) [67] as well as under high pressure, large palladium particles of typically thousands of atoms show an increased selectivity for the formation of benzene with increasing particle size [66]. In contrast, small palladium particles of typically hundreds of atoms are less selective for the cyclotrimerization, and catalyze butadiene and butene as additional products [66]. 

Butadiene is cyclodimerized by these catalysts predominantly to cod and vch, but dvcb and vmcp are also formed under some conditions ". The rate of conversion and the selectivity for cyclodimerization are highest with a Ni L ratio of 1 1, lower Ni L ratios favoring cyclotrimerization. 

Alkylsubstituted butadienes are far less reactive than butadiene. The cyclotrimerization of isoprene to trimethylcyclododecatriene isomers is favored by Ni(0) catalysts modified by phoshites with low basicity and low steric demand. ... 

REACTION PRODUCTS AND ORGANOMETALLIC INTERMEDIATES WITH NICKEL(0) COMPLEXES. Nickel(O) complexes such as (Cod)2Ni, show a striking parallel with lithium(0) complexes in their reactions with diphenylacetylene a sequence of monomolecular reduction bimolecular, stereospecific reduction and cyclotrimerization (Scheme IX). Consonant with the suggestion that nickel(0) forms nickelirene (26) and nickelole (27) intermediates in the course of cyclotrimerization of diphenylacetylene is the isolation of (Z)-l,2-di-phenylethene (28) and (E,E)-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-l,3-butadiene (29) upon hydrolysis. Furthermore, when DC1 was used in the workup, both 28 and 29... 

In the absence of added phosphorus ligand, BD can take the place of L in intermediate 58. In that case, however, in addition to coupling Ci and Cg (or C3 and Cg), there is the possibility of coupling Ci with a terminal carbon of the coordinated butadiene. This leads to a new ftw-Tr-allyl complex 63, an intermediate in the cyclotrimerization of BD which can be isolated and is stable at low temperature in the absence of free BD or Recent C [ H] and NMR studies show that 63 exists as two isomers in solution, both with coordinated trans-oX fimc double bonds. The major one is assigned structure 64, where the double bond is parallel to the planes... 

Figure 3. Ni(0) catalysts for butadiene cyclodimerization and cyclotrimerization. Filled circles, triangles and squares represent results for 1,5 cyclodiene, vinyl-cyclohexene and cyclododecatriene formation, respectively with a low molecular weight catalyst (-C H40P(0C(SH4)2) Open circles, triangles and squares are for PEoiig-bound Ni(0) catalysts using PEoiig-C H40P(OC H4)2 as a ligand.

The precise mechanism of many oligomerization reactions remains open to discussion. We have already mentioned the question of whether cyclodimerization of butadiene, catalysed by nickel complexes, is a concerted or a stepwise process, of polymerization and then cyclization. The cyclo-trimerization of alkynes is often thought to proceed by co-ordination of three alkyne molecules to the metal catalyst, with a subsequent concerted cyclization step. Recent studies of the cyclotrimerization of hexafluorobut-2-yne in the presence of Ni(cod)j or of arsine complexes, however, suggest a stepwise process in which an intermediate (67) is formed, to which... 

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