Cyclophosphamide for

Activities of 748 (FIAC), 758 (FMAU), and related compounds against several viruses were compared, " and the combined effects of 748 (FIAC) and 758 (FMAU) with other antiviral drugs, or with cyclophosphamide (for FMAU), an immunosuppressive agent, were examined. 

La Mantia L, Milanese C, Mascoli N, et al. Cyclophosphamide for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2 002 CD002819. 

B21. Boletis, J. N., Ioannidis, J. P., Boki, K. A., and Moutsopoulos, H. M., Intravenous immunoglobulin compared with cyclophosphamide for proliferative lupus nephritis. Lancet 354, 569-570... 

Methyl methanesulphonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, ethylnitrosurea, mitomycin, or 4-nitroquinone-A-oxide for the nonmetabolic activation and benzo(a)pyrene or cyclophosphamide for the metabolic activation... 

Alberts DS, Liu PY, Hannigan EV, O Toole R, Williams SD, Young JA, Franklin EW, Clarke-Pearson DL, Malviya VK, DuBeshter B, Adelson MD, Hoskins WJ. Intraperitoneal cisplatin plus intravenous cyclophosphamide versus intravenous cisplatin plus intravenous cyclophosphamide for stage III ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1996 335 1950-5. 

Ortega, J.A., Donaldson, S.S., Ivy, S.P., Pappo, A., Maurer, HJM. Venoocclusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy with vincristine acti-nomycin D, and cyclophosphamide for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma a report of the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study group. Cancer 1997 79 2435-2439... 

Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Sigsgaard TC, Nielsen D, Gjedde SB, Philip P, Hansen M, Larsen SO, Rorth M, Mouridsen H, Dombernowsky P. Acute monocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia with balanced chromosome translocations to band Hq23 after therapy with 4-epi-doxorubicin and cisplatin or cyclophosphamide for breast cancer J Chn Oncol 1992 10(9) 1444-51. 

A 67-year-old man with Sjogren s sjmdrome took cyclophosphamide for 2 years, a cumulative dose of 40.5 g. He then developed severe progressive jaundice due to acute hepatocellular injury. Gallstones and acute viral hepatitis were excluded, and only anti-smooth muscle antibodies were weakly positive. Liver histology showed marked ballooning of the hepatocytes and cell loss, cytoplasmic and canahcular cholestasis, and infiltration of the portal tract with inflammatory cells. Complete resolution occurred 6 weeks after cyclophosphamide withdrawal. 

A 54-year-old man with polyarteritis nodosa developed hepatic angiosarcoma after taking cyclophosphamide for 13 years (56). Although this may have been coincidental, the authors found two other published reports of this very rare tumor in patients taking long-term cyclophosphamide. 

Cyclophosphamide is a prodrug that requires cjdochrome P450 -dependent hepatic activation to produce alkylating species and several inactive by-products. However, very few metabolic interactions involving cyclophosphamide have been reported. In a retrospective study of 22 children treated with cyclophosphamide for cancer or bone marrow transplantation, cyclophosphamide clearance was significantly lower in nine patients taking fluconazole compared with 13 patients not taking it (77). In vitro studies in human hver microsomes confirmed that the rate of 4-hydroxylation of cyclophosphamide was inhibited by fluconazole. 

Werth VP. Pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide for treatment of autoimmune blistering disease. Is there an advantage over oral routes Arch Dermatol 1997 133(2) 229-30. 

Alsaran K, Grisaru S, Stephens D, Arbus G. Levamisole vs. cyclophosphamide for frequently-relapsing steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. CUn Nephrol 2001 56(4) 289-94. 

A 3-year-old boy with a neuroblastoma was given cispla-tin, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide for five induction cycles and radiation to sites of residual bony metastases 1 month before autologous bone-marrow transplant, which resulted in an absolute neutrophil count of 500 x 10 /1 on... 

Batist et reported results from an early trial using Myocet for the treatment of MBC and concluded that Myocet improves the therapeutic index of doxorubicin by significantly reducing cardiotoxicity and Grade 4 neutropenia and provides comparable antitnmor efficacy, when used in combination with cyclophosphamide for the first line treatment of MBC. However, these conclnsions were not accepted by FDA as they concluded that the trial had insufficient patients, hence insnfficient power, to infer this based on statistical analysis. ... 

Ortmann RA, Klippel JH. Update on cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2000 26 363-375. 

Schiavone EM, DeSimone M, Palmieri S, et al. Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide for the treatment of advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Hematol 2003 71 23-28. 

A patient with acute myeloid leukaemia started treatment with a 4-day course of busulfan 1 mg/kg four times daily followed by cyclophosphamide for 2 days before bone marrow transplantation. At the time he was also receiving ketobemidone 1 g daily for a rectal fissure. Busulfan plasma levels after the first dose were elevated (AUC increased by about one-third). Later, when the dose of ketobemidone was reduced and morphine substituted, busulfan levels decreased. The authors suggest that ketobemidone should not be used with high-dose busulfan unless monitoring is possible dose adjustments may be required to prevent busulfan toxicity. An alternative analgesic should be considered. 

Four patients (two with systemic lupus erythematosus, one with Sjogren s syndrome, and one with Wegener s granulomatosis) developed liver injury when given cyclophosphamide and 3 of them had liver cell necrosis. All had previously been treated with azathioprine and 2 of them had received cyclophosphamide previously without apparent liver damage. It was suggested that azathioprine and eyelophosphamide may have interacted. However, in a retrospective study of eardiac transplant recipients, substitution of cyclophosphamide for azathioprine was associated with improvement in liver ftmetion tests in 29 patients with suspected azathioprine-induced liver impairment. ... 

Bernstein. S. H., Eaves, C. J., Herzig, R., Fay, J., Lynch, J., Phillips, G. L., Chritiansen, N., Reece, D., Ericson, S., Stephan, M., Kovalsky, M., Hawkins, K., Rasmussen, H., Devos, A., and Herzig, G. P. (1997) A randomised phase II study of BB-10010 a variant of human macrophage inflammatory protein-la for patients receiving high-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide for malignant lymphoma and breast cancer. Br. J. Haematol. 99,888-895. 

Pujari SS, Kempen JH, Newcomb CW, Gangaputra S, Daniel E, Suhler EB, Thorne JE, Jabs DA, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Foster CS. Cyclophosphamide for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology 2010 117(2) 356-65. 

---