Cyclohexanone enamine activation

This asymmetric Mannich reaction could also proceed by an enamine pathway because nucleophilic addition of the in situ-generated enamine would be faster to an imine than to an aldehyde. As shown in the Fig. 12.59, the reaction starts with enamine 34 activation of the cyclohexanone by the proline anion and an electrostatic interaction with the imidazolium moiety of the catalyst In a second pre-equilibrium, the aldehyde and aniline produce an imine. Then enamine-activated 35 reacts with the imine to form 35 via transition state A. The last step is a dehydration reaction to afford the corresponding product. The catalyst is regenerated in the subsequent step. 

The preference for attack at the Cg-position can clearly be attributed to developing gauche butane interactions with the R-substituent for axial attack at C2, thus necessitating equatorial attack at Cj with consequent increase in the activation energy owing to developing non-bonded twist interactions in 60 (Scheme 41). In contrast to j9-nitrostyrene, 1-nitropropene undergoes both axial and equatorial attack on both 3- and 4-substituted cyclohexanone enamines, except for reaction at C2 of the 3-substituted enamine where only equatorial attack occurs . 

Finally, a primary amine directed enamine activation has been used for a highly enantioselective conjugate addition of cyclohexanones to l,l-bis(benzenesulfonyl) ethylene [144], The reaction, which is efficiently catalyzed by Cinchonidine-derived primary amine 100 (10-20 mol%) is carried out in CHCI3 at 0°C in the presence of benzoic acid as cocatalyst. As depicted in Scheme 2.46, an enantioselective synthesis of (5,5)-sodium cyclamate has been achieved following this methodology. 

Toste and cmworkers reported an asymmetric fluorination of a-branched cyclohexanones (252) involving a eombination of chiral anion (254) phase-transfer catalysis to activate Selectfluor (253) and enamine activation cycle, using a protected amino acid (255) as organocatalyst (Scheme 67). ... 

Enamines as nucleophiles react with butadiene, and a-octadienyl ketones or aldehydes are obtained after hydrolysis[57]. This is a good way of introducing an octadienyl group at the o-position of ketones or aldehydes, because butadiene does not react with ketones or aldehydes directly. The reaction of the pyrrolidine enamine of cyclohexanone gives, after hydrolysis, 2-(2,7-octadie-nyOcyclohe.xanone (58) as the main product, accompanied by a small amount of 2,6-di(2,7-octadienyl)cyclohexanone. The reaction of the optically active enamine 59 with butadiene gave 2-(2,7-octadienyl)cyclohexanone (60) in 72% ce[58]. 

Aryl halides with a halogen activated by electron-withdrawing groups react with pyrrolidine enamines of cyclic ketones (68) to give the a-arylated ketones after hydrolysis. The enamine (28) with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene gave an excellent yield of 2(2,4-dinitrophenyl)cyclohexanone (88). The... 

The second method is based on the optically active enamine formed from (S)-prolinol methyl ether and cyclohexanone. This enamine reacts spontaneously with 2-(arylmethylcnc)propane-dioates to give, after hydrolysis, the 2- (.S )-aryl[(,S )-2-oxocyclohexyllmethyl propanedioates 4 in 35-76% yield with d.r. 94 6 > 97 361. 

The first example of this type of transformation was reported in 1974 [76]. Three catalysts were investigated, namely [Co2(CO)8], [Co(CO)g/PBu ], and [Rh6(CO)i6]. The [Co OJg/PBu ] catalyst showed activity for reductive animation using ammonia and aromatic amines. The [Rh6(CO)16] catalyst could be used for reductive animation using the more basic aliphatic amines that were found to poison the cobalt catalyst. This early report pointed out that the successful reductive animation of iso-butanal (Me2CCHO) with piperidine involves selective enamine hydrogenation, that reductive animation of cyclohexanone with isopropylamine probably involves imine hydrogenation, and that reductive amination of benzaldehyde with piperidine would presumably involve the reduction of a carbinolamine. 

When (2S)-1-(1-cyclohexene-l-yl)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine (206), enamine from cyclohexanone, and (S)-proline-derived (2S)-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine is added to the Knoevenagel condensation products (207), mainly one of the possible four diastereomers is formed. The diastereomeric purity was found to be excellent (d.s. > 90%) 203). The stereochemical course of this highly effective asymmetric synthesis allowed the synthesis of the optically active target molecules (208). A possible mechanism discussed by Blarer and Seebach 203). 

More recently, Tardella and co-workers disclosed the use of this reagent in the synthesis of Af-(ethoxycarbonyl)-a-amino ketones from enamines and nitrene 18 [12b]. Their attempts to obtain asymmetric induction started with the use of proline-derived optically active enamines of cyclohexanone. Slow addition of sulfonyl-oxycarbamate 6e (1 equiv.) to a stirred solution of the enamine 19 and triethylamine (1 equiv.) in dichloromethane at room temperature, followed by work-up with petroleum ether and silica gel chromatographic purification afforded the aminated product 20 in low yield and good enantiomeric excess [12c] (Scheme 8). 

The most general methods for preparing seven- or eight-membered rings from enamines are by ring expansion of the cyclobutene, cyclobutanone or chlorocyclopro-pane adducts formed by cycloaddition of acetylene carboxylates, ketenes or chlor-ocarbenes, respectively, to enamines of cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone. These are two-carbon or one-carbon ring expansions. Three-carbon ring expansions can also be carried out by cycloaddition of activated cyclopropenes or cyclopropenones. 

Nucleophilic attack on ( -alkene)Fp+ cations may be effected by heteroatom nucleophiles including amines, azide ion, cyanate ion (through N), alcohols, and thiols (Scheme 39). Carbon-based nucleophiles, such as the anions of active methylene compounds (malonic esters, /3-keto esters, cyanoac-etate), enamines, cyanide, cuprates, Grignard reagents, and ( l -allyl)Fe(Cp)(CO)2 complexes react similarly. In addition, several hydride sources, most notably NaBHsCN, deliver hydride ion to Fp(jj -alkene)+ complexes. Subjecting complexes of type (79) to Nal or NaBr in acetone, however, does not give nncleophilic attack, but instead results rehably in the displacement of the alkene from the iron residue. Cyclohexanone enolates or silyl enol ethers also may be added, and the iron alkyl complexes thus produced can give Robinson annulation-type products (Scheme 40). Vinyl ether-cationic Fp complexes as the electrophiles are nseful as vinyl cation equivalents. ... 

Ethoxycarbonylamino)cyclohcxanoncs were obtained in low yield by hydrolysis of the aziridines formed by the addition of ethoxycarbonyl nitrene, generated in situ from 4-nitro-phenylsulfonyl carbamates, to enamines prepared from substituted cyclohexanones61,62. By the same method, optically active 2-(ethoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexanone 3 was prepared in low yield from the enamine 1 derived from an optically active 2-substituted pyrrolidine63. 

Carbonyl compounds that do not react with the reagent can be activated by conversion into an enamine or an hydroxymelhylene derivative prior to the reaction. Thus cyclohexanone is converted into 2,2-trimethylenedithiocyclohexanone by way of the... 

Chen and coworkers have reported a new domino Michael-Michael addition reaction between a,a-dicyanoalkene [26] derived from cyclohexanone and benzyli-deneacetone, resulting in a stepwise [4 + 2]-type cycloaddition to afford almost enantiopure bicyclic adduct 15. In contrast to the completely inert function of secondary ammonium salt, a primary amine, 9-amino-9-deoxyepiquinine lo [27], in combination with trifluoroacetic acid, was found to be highly efficient in the activation of the a, 3-unsaturated ketone by tandem iminium-enamine catalysis (Scheme 10.21) [28],... 

P, P] Seebach and Brock reported the dichlorodiisopropoxytitanium-mediated addition of the trimethylsilyl enol ether of cyclohexanone to /3-nitrostyrenes (83). The initial products generated are nitronic esters 39.1-39.3. Separation followed by fluoride-induced desilylation of these intermediates yields the corresponding syn and anti nitroketones. The results of this study are summarized in Scheme 39 and Table 12. Anti isomers are obtained in moderate diastereomeric excess. Moreover, the method is complementary to the additions of similar substrates by way of their lithium enolates (2) or enamines (vide supra), which provide the syn diastereomers. Further reactions of the intermediate nitronic esters were briefly explored. For example, addition of aldehydes and activated olefins provides stereoselectively the products from nitroaldol and [3 + 2] cycloadditions. 

In their reactions with aldehydes in the presence of alkali cyclic ketones such as cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone generally give only the dialkylidene or diarylidene compounds, and not the monosubstituted derivatives, since the two methylene groups vicinal to the carbonyl group are equally activated. Monosubstituted cyclanones can be obtained in this way only when about a six-fold excess of the ketone and special precautions are used.949 On the other hand, Birkofer and his co-workers showed monoalkylidenecycloalkanones to be easily obtained starting from enamines 950 yields are between 30% and 90% ... 

Asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of carbonyl compounds with a, -unsaturated systems are known. The simple amine a-methylbenzylamine 68 acts as both the activator (to give the imine and hence the enamine required for alkylation) and as the chiral auxiliary to effect neutral asymmetric conjugate-addition reactions. " Thus, condensation of (5)-a-methylbenzylamine 68 with 2-methylcyclohexanone, followed by addition of methyl acrylate (and hydrolysis of the product imine), gave the 2,2-disubstituted cyclohexanone 69 with high enantiomeric purity (1.78). 

Under certain conditions less activated ketones (e.g., acetone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexenone) can participate in the reaction with butadiene or iso-prene, ° but more commonly enamine derivatives are anployed. For example, Tsuji reported that butadiene undergoes Pd-catalyzed linear dimerization with trapping by the pyrrolidoyclohexene 126 (Scheme 39) (Pd(OAc)2, PhjP, CH3CN, 80 °C, 3 h) to afford the octadienyl derivative 127 in 66% yield after hydrolysis (aq. HCl, 50 C, 0.5 h). In addition, 22% of the a,a -dialkylated product was isolated. 

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