Cyclohexane industrial source

At the present time, the industrial production of benzene and its homologs is implemented by coal carbonization, dehydrocyclization of the usual paraffin hydrocarbons and dehydrogenation of cyclohexane hydrocarbons with catalytic reforming of directly distilled gasoline fractions. The petroleum refining industry is the main source for meeting the demand for benzene and its reserves can fully meet the increasing demand for this compound. 

The dealkylation of toluene is a prime source of benzene, accounting for about one-half of toluene consumption. The production of diisocyanates from toluene is increasing. As a component of fuels, the use of toluene is lessening. Toluene takes part in several industrially important syntheses. The hydrogenation of toluene yields methyl cyclohexane (C6HnCH3), a solvent for fats, oils, rubbers, and waves. Trinitrotoluene [TNT, CH3C6H2(N02)3] is a major component of several explosives. When reacted with sulfuric acid, toluene yields o- and p-toluene sulfonic acids... 

Benzene found in the environment is from both human activities and natural processes. Benzene was first discovered and isolated from coal tar in the 1800s. Today, benzene is made mostly from petroleum sources. Because of its wide use, benzene ranks in the top 20 in production volume for chemicals produced in the United States. Various industries use benzene to make other chemicals, such as styrene (for Styrofoam and other plastics), cumene (for various resins), and cyclohexane (for nylon and synthetic fibers). Benzene is also used for the manufacturing of some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides. Natural sources of benzene, which include volcanoes and forest fires, also contribute to the presence of benzene in the environment. Benzene is also a part of crude oil and gasoline and cigarette smoke. For more information on the nature and uses of benzene, see Chapters 3 and 4. 

Several chiral compounds containing a cyclohexane ring occur in nature and are frequently used as auxiliaries. Among them. (—)-menthol, (+ )-pulegone, and ( + )-limonene are the least expensive starting materials for further derivatization and are also commercially available, although they are often used in amounts exceeding the capacity of natural sources. Industrial procedures for the synthetic production of both enantiomers of menthol have been developed they are discussed in some detail in Section A.2. 

Industrially important cyclic alcohols are cyclohexanol and cyclododecanol. Both products are obtained by a selective oxidation of the corresponding cycloalkane [route (e) in Topic 5.3.1]. Oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol is a radical reaction and proceeds in the presence of a cobalt naphthenate radical source that is... 

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