Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry

An early application of this method was reported by Knorr, Breiter, and Will. Nicholson and Shain developed one of the first theoretical analyses of a diffusion controlled redox process. The dynamic character of the method enabled kinetic investigations, 

In addition to the current potential dependence, the charge connected with the electrochemical processes can be obtained by integration of the potential peak over the time scale associated with the potential scale. This application is called coulometry. Examples will be shown in Section 4.4. 

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Y. Yuan and S. Amemiya, Facilitated protamine transfer at polarized water/l,2-dichloroethane interfaces studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at micropipet electrodes. Anal. Chem. 76, 6877— 6886 (2004). 

Determination of the Number of Electrons Involved in an Electron Transfer Process from the Correlation Between Cyclic Voltammetry and Chronoamperometry... 

While bearing in mind that, within the criterion of the symmetric disposition of electrodes, each researcher commonly uses either commercial cells or cells built in-house based on personal experience, Figure 6 shows a typical cyclic voltammetry (and chronoamperometry) cell, particularly suitable for non-aqueous solvents. 

Electrochemical methods include potentiometry, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. These methods as well as other voltammetric methods and the impedance of electrochemical systems are discussed in this chapter. 

Andrieux, C.P, and Audebert, P. 2001. Electron transfer through a modified electrode with a fractal structure Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry responses. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 105, 444 48. 

Cass, A. E. G. Davis, G. Hill, H. A. O. Nancarrow, D. J. The reaction of flavocytochrome b2 with cytochrome c and ferricinium carboxylate. Comparative kinetics by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1985, 828, 51-57. 

Kong et al. [90] applied the electrochemical approach to the study of a two-phase azo coupling facilitated by reverse PTC. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were employed to evaluate quantitatively the rate constants for the reaction. The process was interpreted in terms of an EC mechanism, i.e., diffusion-controlled electrochemical charge transfer followed by a homogeneous chemical reaction. The authors highlighted the usefulness of this approach based on the factors that enable the estimation of the contributions of the chemical reaction, mass transfer, partitioning, and the adsorption of reactants at the interface to the overall two-phase reaction. 

Kwon K., Evans J. W. Comparison between cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry when coupled with EQCM for the study of the SEI on a carbon film electrode, Electrochim. 

Dian et al. [334] reported the electrochemical polymerization of 3-substituted and 3-,4-disubstituted selenophenes in acetonitrile saturated with lithium perchlorate. Two methods were used to study systematically the influence of the substituents on polymer formation cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The film formation process is greatly influenced by the electronic and steric effects of the substituents. For example, electron donating groups such as methyl and methoxy substituents appear to stabilize the radical cation intermediates, diminish the oxidation potential, and therefore allow polymer formation. The presence of halogen substituents raises the oxidation potential and does not lead to polymeric films. The conductivities of polyselenophene derivatives are quite low. For example, oxidized poly-3-methyl-selenophene and poly-3,4-dimethyl-selenophene have conductivities around 9 x 10 and 6 x 10" S cm", respectively. 

Cass, A.E.G., Davis, G., Hill, H.A.O. and Nancarrow, D.J. (1985) "The Reaction of Flavocytochrome b.. with Cytochrome c and Ferricinium Carboxylate. Comparative Kinetics by Cyclic Voltammetry and Chronoamperometry", Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 828,51-7. 

The group of Wieckowski and Masel confirmed for the case of unsupported Pd nanoparticles that the smaller the particle size the higher flie electrocatalytic activity toward HCOOFI oxidation [232]. They investigated partieles of 9 to 40 nm diameter subjected to cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Based on XPS results it was reasoned that the smaller the particle, the greater the shift of the d-electron band center, resulting in a decrease in the heat of adsorption of the formate intermediate, hence facilitating the oxidation reaction [232]. 

The electrochemical techniques used for the silicon nucleation and deposition investigation were cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. All the electrochemical measurements were performed with an Autolab PGStat 30 potentiostat/galvanostat controlled by a computer using GPES research software. 

Lawrence et al.[l4] have developed a method to determine sulfide at the BDD electrode To avoid a problems with solvent decomposition and to detect low (micromolar) concentrations, the BDD electrode were used to examine the electrocatalytic reduction of ferricycanide by sulfide using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The recovery of sulfide in spiked sewage effluents was reported to be 102 + 4.5%. 

Thick/thin-film sensor can be fabricated oti prefabricated electrodes by dip/ spray-coating chemically synthesized polymer solution or by electropolymerization of monomer on the electrode from a solutimi in the presence of the dopant. The dip/ spray-coating process results in a 2-D stracture without control over the thickness, morphology, and porosity, and also does not provide the process flexibility to tune the material properties. On the other hand, electropolymerization processes such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry provide in situ fabrication on the electrode pads and also allow manipulating material properties by changing the process conditions. However, the film thickness in these methods cannot be controlled as there is no direct indication of the completion of the device fabrication process. Additionally, the contact between the gold electrode pad and the CP film and adhesion of the film to the substrate are issues for fabricarimi of CP-based... 

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