Hydrocarbons cyclic, with side chains

In principle, hydrocarbon systems comprising at the same time rings and chains can be treated as ring systems substituted by chains or as chains substituted by rings. Chemical intuition would certainly prefer a central structure with as many substituents as possible and view a smaller unit as substituent of a larger one in 1972, however, Chem. Abstr. decreed categorically rings always have priority over chains  

1 -Phenyl-2-(4-tolyl)ethane Chem. Abstr. l-Methyl-4-(2-phenylethyl)benzene 

A name conforming better with the rules would be  

For many aromatic representatives of this series, trivial names are retained which are listed below together with the names of the respective substituent groups. 

If these trivial systems are further substituted, however, they are treated as substituted benzenes. 

---

Cyclic Hydrocarbons with Side Chains. Hydrocarbons composed of cyclic and aliphatic chains are named in a manner that is the simplest permissible or the most appropriate for the chemical intent. Hydrocarbons containing several chains attached to one cyclic nucleus are generally named as derivatives of the cyclic compound, and compounds containing several side chains and/or cyclic radicals attached to one chain are named as derivatives of the acyclic compound. Examples are... 

The carbons of the main skeletons of the saturated hydrocarbons are present (14, 23, 29.2, 29.9, and 32 ppm). In addition, signals are observed that are associated with branching of the saturated hydrocarbons, such as methyls attached to long chains ( 19.7 ppm) and ethyl groups at 11.4 ppm. It is most interesting that these small side chains are evident in the biodegraded material. This observation, coupled with the total removal of normal paraffins, leads to the conclusion that bacteria strongly prefer not to attack cyclic hydrocarbons with branched chains. 

The GPC of a local crude (Bryan, Texas) sample spiked with a known mixture of n-alkanes and aromatics is shown in Figure 5 and the GPC of the crude is shown in Figure 6. The hydrocarbon mixture is used to calibrate the length of the species which separates as a function of retention volume. Ttie molecular length is expressed as n-alkane carboa units although n-alkanes represent only a fraction of the hydrocarbons in the crude. In addition to n-alkanes, petroleum crude is composed of major classes of hydrocarbons such as branched and cyclic alkanes, branched and cyclic olefins and various aromatics and nonvolatiles namely asphaltenes. Almost all of the known aromatics without side chains elute after n-hexane (Cg). If the aromatics have long side chains, the linear molecular size increases and the retention volume is reduced. Cyclic alkanes have retention volumes similar to those of aromatics. GPC separates crude on the basis of linear molecular size and the species are spread over 10 to 20 ml retention volume range and almost all of the species are smaller than the polystyrene standard (37A). In other words, the crude has very little asphaltenes. The linear... 

More recently, Harada et al. applied the complexation process to side-chain systems via Method 6 (Figure 10), in which the guest sites were introduced as pendant groups and thereafter the CD was threaded onto them [104, 105]. Different types of hydrocarbon chain as pendant groups were studied for their compatibility with different CDs. As the cyclic was not blocked, the products can be viewed as side-chain poly(pseudo rotaxane)s of Type 9. Probably because of the rapid exchange process between threaded and unthreaded forms, the isolation of the solid-state polyrotaxane was not reported. 

Form the names of simple acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic hydrocarbon terpene radicals systematically from the recommended names of the terpene hydrocarbons. For cyclic compounds, radicals may be formed with points of attachment in side chains which have a fixed numbering as well as in rings. Preference in numbering is given to the point of attachment over double bonds when there is a choice. 

Reduction with zinc dust in glacial acetic acid yields deoxymycelia-namide, C22H28O3N2, ferric chloride negative, with infra red spectrum reminiscent of unstrained cyclic amides. Reduction with sodium and methanol in liquid ammonia gives an unsaturated hydrocarbon side chain ("mycelene ) characterized as a 2,6-dimethylocta-2,6-diene. Mycelianamide believed to consist of a cyclic bis-acylhydroxylamino nucleus substituted by the hydrocarbon side chain (12, 13). 

Since valinomycin transports K+ specifically, it must bind the ion rather than provide a channel, as does gramicidin. Since transport can occur only when the membrane is fluid and since valinomycin is a small molecule, this suggests that the valinomycin-K+ complex must move through the membrane i.e., it behaves as a mobile carrier. The hydrocarbon side chains of the cyclic structure can be imagined on the outside of the structure, thus making the latter compatible with the hydrocarbon portion of the lipid bilayer. The inside contains the 12 carbonyl groups of the ester and amide bonds, six of which coordinate the K+ in the space at the center of the structure (Fig. 6-19). 

Alicyclic Hydrocarbons. Low-resolution GS or GCMS studies have suggested the presence of alicyclics, such as cycloalkanes (Hayes, 1967) or bicyclics with aliphatic side chains (Kvenvolden et al., 1970 Oro et al., 1971). High-resolution GCMS, however, confirmed only cyclopentene (Studier et al., 1972). An earlier study detected a cyclic terpene. A and/or A" menthene, but it may have been a contaminant (Studier et al., 1968). In any event, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis readily produces alicyclic hydrocarbons (Weitkamp et al., 1953). 

Petrolatum is a purified mixture of semisolid saturated hydrocarbons having the general formula C H2 +2, and is obtained from petroleum. The hydrocarbons consist mainly of branched and unbranched chains although some cyclic alkanes and aromatic molecules with paraffin side chains may also be present. The USP 28 and PhEur 2005 material may contain a suitable stabilizer (antioxidant) that must be stated on the label. The inclusion of a stabilizer is not discussed in the JP 2001 monograph. 

A homologous series of water-soluble alkyl-dextrans varying in the length of their hydrocarbon side-chain (63) have been synthesized by reaction of the appropriate alkylamine with dextran cyclic imidocarbonate. The derivatives were used in an affinity electrophoretic study of the interaction between phosphorylase and hydrophobic groups. As the length of the hydrocarbon... 

---