Cyano acetic amide

The synthetic potential of alkenylzirconium complexes is partially due to the fact that the hydrozirconation of alkynes can be carried out in the presence of some synthetically useful functional groups such as halide [80,153, 211, 212], acetals, amides, imides, carbamates, sulfides [186], ester, cyano [95, 213] and chiral propargyl amino functionalities [214]. 

Ester-R Anhydride Acetal Amide Epoxide Acid halide Primary amine Primary imine Cyano... 

Carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, ether, alcohol, ester, ester-R (the chain attached to the oxygen atom being a generic substituent), anhydride, acetal, amide, epoxide, acid halyde, primary amine, primary imine, cyano, secondary amine, secondary imine, tertiary amine, nitro derivative, metal-1, metal-2, carbene, halo derivative. 

Olefination of the Aldehyde 178 using a stabilized Wittig reagent followed by protecting group chemistry at the lower branch and reduction of the a,p-unsaturated ester afforded the allylic alcohol 179 (Scheme 29). The allylic alcohol 179 was then converted into an allylic chloride and the hydroxyl function at the lower branch was deprotected and subsequently oxidized to provide the corresponding aldehyde 161 [42]. The aldehyde 161 was treated with trimethylsilyl cyanide to afford the cyanohydrin that was transformed into the cyano acetal 180. The decisive intramolecular alkylation was realized by treatment of the cyano acetal 180 with sodium bis(trimethylsi-lyl)amide. Subsequent treatment of the alkylated cyano acetal 182 with acid (to 183) and base afforded the bicyclo[9.3.0]tetradecane 184. 

CyanessigsUure-amid or Malonsaure-amid-nitril in Ger), NC.CH2CONH2 mw 84.08, N 33-32% wh crysts, mp 120°, bp dec sol in w ale prepd by ammon(jlysis of cyano acetic ester or by dehydration of ammonium cyano-acetate. The compd is highly toxic. It is used in plastics and as an intermediate in general in org pharmaceutical synthesis Refs l)Beil 2, 589, (256) [534] 1632 2)Kay-Fries Chemicals, Inc (NY) Tech Data Bull (preliminary) "Cyanoacetamide (Feb 1951) 3)Sax (1957), 522 4)Cond Chem Diet (1961), 322... 

The dehydration of an amide containing an acid-sensitive acetal group to a cyano acetal like /3,/3-diethoxypropionitrile has been carried out with phosphorus pentoxide in the presence of triethylamine. ... 

In CHEC-II <1996CHEC-II(7)431>, it was shown that the cyano function in 3-cyanopyrazolo[3,4- / pyrimidines can be converted into an amide by hydrogen peroxide and that 3-carboxylic acid derivatives readily decarboxylate at 200 °C. Wan et al. <2001T5497> have reported that treatment of 217 with an acetic acid-hydrochloric acid mixture affords 218. Compound 218 was also obtained upon heating 219 in DMSO for 2 h. Compound 219 was obtained in turn via heating 217 in KOH (Scheme 13). It has been pointed out earlier that a CN function is readily replaced by amines. 

Cyclocondensation of ethyl 2-aminonicotinate in presence of HC(OEt)3 and various primary amines gave 22 3-substituted pyrido[2,3-,7]pyrimidin-4(377)-ones 371 <1995PHA719>. Fourteen 3,5,7-triarylpyrido[2,3-r7]pyrimi-dine-2,4(l/7,37/)-diones 372 have been prepared from the reaction of either 2-amino-3-cyano-4,6-diarylpyridines or the 3-carboxamido products of alcoholic KOH hydrolysis, with aryl isocyanates better yields were obtained from the amides <1995IJB740>. 4-Aminopyrido[2,3- pyrimidin-5(8//)-one 158 was synthesized by treatment of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-methoxypyridine with trimethylsilyl iodide to give the corresponding pyridin-4(177)-one, which was refluxed with formamidine acetate in ethoxyethanol to effect the cyclization <2000JME3704>. 

In summary, the direct insertion of zinc dust to organic halides is an excellent method for preparing a broad range of polyfunctional organozinc halides bearing various functional groups like an ester" , an ether, an acetate" , a ketone, cyano", halide" , N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino °, primary and secondary amino, amide, phthalimide , sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone , boronic ester , enone " or a phosphonate . An alternative method is based on transmetalation reactions. 

Cyano compounds liquid crystals, 12, 278 in silver(III) complexes, 2, 241 Cyanocuprates, with copper, 2, 186 Cyano derivatives, a-arylation, 1, 361 Cyanosilanes, applications, 9, 322 Cyclic acetals, and Grignard reagent reactivity, 9, 53 Cyclic alkenes, asymmetric hydrosilylation, 10, 830 Cyclic alkynes, strained, with platinum, 8, 644 Cyclic allyl boronates, preparation, 9, 196 Cyclic allylic esters, alkylation, 11, 91 Cyclic amides, ring-opening polymerization, via lanthanide catalysis, 4, 145... 

In a variant of this method the acetals were used instead of aldehydes21-23. The modifications of this approach involve elimination reactions from other alkyl)amides where the leaving group X is an halogen atom24, alkoxy25 or cyano group26. 

This is a new reaction for the preparation of N-alkyl amides. Nitriles and various substituted cyano compounds are treated with active olefins in the presence of sulfuric acid. Reaction occurs at room temperature in glacial acetic acid or dibutyl ether solution. The use of hydrogen cyanide in the reaction leads to the formation of N-alkylformamides. /-Butyl alcohol and sodium cyanide are used in place of the olefin and hydrogen cyanide in the preparation of N-/-butylfotmamide (50%). The reaction has been extended to the synthesis of N-alkyl diamides from dinitriles and olefins or alcohols. ... 

We can arrive at the same conclusion in a different way using an alternative analysis based on the values in Appendix C. The pK of the protons on the a carbon of ethyl acetate is 30, whereas the pK of those of methyl cyanoacetate is 12.8. Therefore, a cyano group lowers the pK of the a carbon protons by 30 - 12.8 = 17 units. The pK of the a carbon protons of an N,N-disubstituted amide, A,A-diethylacetamide, is 34.5. If we assume that the cyano group enhances the acidity of the methylene protons in the given compound by the same amount, their pK would be 34.5 - 17 = 16.5. Thus, the estimated pK of the methylene protons is at least 9 pA units lower than that of the amide proton, a factor of one billion. 

Treatment of diphenylacetonitrile in toluene with sodium amide and 2-chloro-pyrazine gave 2-(C-cyano-C,C-diphenylmethyl)pyrazine (1021), and 2-vinylpyrazine with phenylacetonitrile and sodium heated at 120-130° for 10 minutes gave 2-(3 -cyano-3 -phenylpropyl)pyrazine (731). 2-Amino-5-bromomethyl-3-cyano-pyrazine with sodium hydride and methyl cyanoacetate in tetrahydrofuran formed the dialkylated product (56) (1031). 2-Amino-3-mercapto-5,6-dimethylpyrazine in methanol with potassium hydroxide and chloroacetonitrile gave 2-amino-3-cyanomethyIthio-5,6-dimethylpyrazine (1229), and 2-carboxypyrazine refluxed with chloroacetonitrile and triethylamine in ethyl acetate for 45 minutes gave the cyanomethyl ester (1317). 2-Hydroxy 5-methyl-3-propylpyrazine with cyanogen halides in aqueous sodium hydroxide-dimethylformamide at 0-5° gave l-cyano-5-methyl-2-oxo-3-propyl-l, 2-dihydropyrazine (1123). 

Carboxy includes carboxy (carboxylic acids), alkoxycarbonyl (esters), carbamoyl (amides), thiocarbamoyl, hydrazinocarbamoyl (hydrazides), guanidinocarbonyl, azidocarbonyl (azides), chlorocarbonyl (acid chlorides), amidino, C-hydrazino-C-iminomethyl, C-alkoxy-C-iminomethyl (imino ethers), C-alkylthio-C-iminomethyl (iminothioethers), cyano (nitriles), C-formyl(aldehydes), dialkoxymethyl (acetals of aldehydes), C-acyl (ketones), isocyanato, and thiocyanato groups. 

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