Cyanide amyl nitrite

Hydrogen cyanide (inhaled) or alkali oanides (taken by mouth, rf. p. IQ2) inhale amyl nitrite from freshly opened capsules. Obtain medical attention urgently. 

Nitrite compounds are often known as poppers because of the popping noise produced when the capsules containing them are crushed between the fingers. Both amyl nitrite and butyl nitrite are yellowish liquids that evaporate at room temperature. These compounds are distributed under variety of names and are contained in a range of products, such as air fresheners. Iso-amyl nitrite is also available in the United States by prescription. Currently, the primary indication for isoamyl nitrite is for the treatment of cyanide poi-... 

The purpose of sodium nitrite (or amyl nitrite in the absence of IV access) is to produce methemoglobin, which binds cyanide with greater affinity than mitochondrial cytochromes. In the presence of decreased oxygen carrying capacity, as in combined exposures to cyanide and carbon monoxide (e.g., some fires), sodium nitrite can be detrimental and should be avoided. 

For cyanide and cyanogen, antidote should be administered as soon as possible. The Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit contains amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. Cobalt edentate or 4-dimethylaminophenol are alternative antidotes for cyanide poisoning. Benzodiazepines or barbiturates may be required to control severe seizures. 

Antidotes Intravenous sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate, and/or amyl nitrite perles are packaged in the cyanide antidote kit. When possible, treatment with cyanide antidotes... 

Cyanogen Inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, Irritating to eyes and upper respiratory The Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit contains amyl nitrite, sodium... 

Amyl nitrite, Na Nitrite, Na Thiosulfate Cyanide antidote kit) Cyanide... 

Note - It is a good idea to have a supply of cyanide antidote ready in case you are affected by the fumes. These are sodium thiosulfate, a common photographic chemical, and amyl nitrite, a heart drug. Butyl nitrite is available in some "sex" shops as a room odorant, and may be substituted for the amyl nitrite. A few hours before beginning production of the actual cyanide, take a capsule containing 500 mg of sodium thiosulfate. It is comparatively non-toxic, but may cause a small bout of "egg burps". 

Thisis due to hydrogen sulfide gas being generated in the stomach.lt is a bit unpleasant, but not dangerous. If you feel yourself developing the symptoms of cyanide poisoning, break an ampoule of amyl nitrite and inhale its contents. Seek medical attention. The foregoing does not mean that with the antidotes you can inhale fumes with impunity, only that you prob-... 

Hydrogen cyanide is extremely toxic hy ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption, and all routes of exposure. An oral dose of 50 mg could be lethal to humans (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd ed.. New York John Wiley). Symptoms from acute poisoning include labored breathing, shortness of breath, paralysis, unconsciousness, and respiratory failure. Lower doses can cause headache, nausea and vomiting. Oral LDsoin mice is 3.7 mg/kg. Amyl nitrite is an effective antidote. 

Treatment of cyanide poisoning includes rapid administration of activated charcoal (although charcoal binds cyanide poorly, it can reduce absorption) and general supportive care. The conventional antidote kit available in the USA includes two forms of nitrite (amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite) and sodium thiosulfate. The nitrites induce methemoglobinemia, which binds to free CI T creating the less toxic cyanomethemoglobin thiosulfate is a cofactor in the enzymatic conversion of CN to the much less toxic thiocyanate (SCINT). Recently, the FDA approved a concentrated form of hydroxocobalamin, which is now available as the Cyanokit (EMD Pharmaceuticals, Durham, North Carolina). Hydroxocobalamin (one form of vitamin B12) combines rapidly with CN to form cyanocobalamin (another form of vitamin B12). 

Hydrogen cyanide can be purchased from Fumico Inc., Amarillo, Texas. When large amounts of HCN are used, it is recommended that amyl nitrite pearls and an oxygen cylinder with mask be available. These in combination are effective antidotes for HCN poisoning. The checkers prepared HCN according to the method of K. Ziegler.4 The use of smaller quantities of HCN results in slower reaction and reduced yield. 

Nitrite, which may be administered as sodium nitrite solution or inhaled as amyl nitrite, will oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. This oxidized form of hemoglobin will bind cyanide more strongly than cytochrome a-a3 and therefore tend to remove the cyanide bound inside cells and sequester it in the blood from where it is more readily eliminated. 

Ammonolysis, 401 Ampoules, glass. 205 n-Amylamine, 413, 417 n-Amyl acetate, 383 -Amyl alcohol, 247, 249 n-Amylbenzene, 511, 517 n-Amyl borate, 305 n-Amyl bromide, 279 tao-Amyl bromide, 279 n-Amyl chloride, 273 tao-Amyl chloride, 273 tert.-Amyl chloride, 275 n-Amyl cyanide, 407, 408 Amylene, 239 n-Amyl fluoride, 272, 289 n-Amyl iodide, 288 n-Amyl nitrite, 302, 306... 

Amyl nitrite is also considered an antidote for cyanide poisoning and is usually one of three medica-... 

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the U.S. military consider cyanide a possible weapon of so-called rogue nations such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, and terrorist groups. Iraq is believed to have used cyanide to kill thousands in the 1980s during its war with Iran and against Kurds in northern Iraq. With this in mind, the possibility of an antidote takes on added importance. However, the effectiveness of amyl nitrite as an antidote for cyanide poisoning has come under question by some medical authorities. The U.S. military removed amyl nitrite from its cyanide antidote kits, because of adverse side effects (low blood pressure, dizziness, and headaches) and other concerns. 

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