Curve display unit

The curve display unit (Fig. 15) supersedes the conventional recording instrument. All the analog measured variables connected to the process computer and the calculated characteristic values can be represented (to various scales) on this display unit. Modern units of this kind can simultaneously show up to seven curves (graphs) in different colours. Besides, several curves can be selected and assembled into a combined display. Records of past events can likewise be shown on the video screen for "post mortem" verification. The equipment supplied by some manufacturers moreover enables the flow chart sections to be shown with superimposed curves on one and the same display unit. While this is certainly an interesting technique, care must be taken that the clarity of presentation and informative value of the images are not diminished. 

Derivative titration curve A plot of the change in the quantity measured per unit volume against the volume of titrant added a derivative curve displays a maximum where there is a point of inflection in a conventional titration curve. See also. second derivative curve. 

Figure 4.49. Plot of the statistical entropy 5 (per unit volume, in units of Boltzmann s constant) as a function of the statistical order parameter 5 for two representative concentrations in the range Cj < 0.1. The upper curve displays the results for nine configurations characterized by Cj = 6/256, while for the different set of nine configurations noted on the lower curve, Ct = 16/256. Several configurations noted on the upper curve are diagrammed in Figure 4.50a and several configurations noted on the lower curve are shown in Figure 4.50b the remaining configurations are specified in ref. 113.

Eor LEDs utilized in visible/display appHcations, the human eye serves as the detector of radiation. Thus a key measure of performance is luminous efficiency which is weighted to the eye sensitivity (CIE) curve. The relative eye sensitivity, V (L), peaks in the green at A 555 nm where it possesses a value of 1.0. It drops sharply as the wavelength is shifted to the red or blue, reaching a value of 0.5 at 510 and 610 nm. The luminous efficiency, in units of Im/W, of an LED is given by equaton 11 ... 

Part of a 15-nm long, 10 A tube, is given in Fig. 1. Its surface atomic structure is displayed[14], A periodic lattice is clearly seen. The cross-sectional profile was also taken, showing the atomically resolved curved surface of the tube (inset in Fig. 1). Asymmetry variations in the unit cell and other distortions in the image are attributed to electronic or mechanical tip-surface interactions[15,16]. From the helical arrangement of the tube, we find that it has zigzag configuration. 

However, it is not so easy to derive a similar functional relationship between the electrode resistance and its thickness that is why a computer simulation has been carried out to study the dependence of electrode resistance on its thickness. In the calculations, Rm was chosen as a unit resistance, and the distance between the NP tiers (4r) was chosen as a unit thickness. Figure 3 illustrates the results of calculations at various ratios between Re, R and Rm, namely, R, = Re = 0.002Rm (curve I ) / , = 0.004/ ,. R,. = 0.000 li m (curve 2). In these and other cases checked, the plots of resistance vs. thickness display a sharp drop followed by a slower rise after reaching a minimum. Let us consider these regions in more detail. 

In three dimensions, transverse and longitudinal optic and acoustic modes result. The dispersion curve for CuCl along [100] of the cubic unit cell [3] is shown in Figure 8.11(a) as an example. The number of discrete modes with frequencies in a defined interval can be displayed as a function of the frequency. This gives what is termed the density of vibrational modes or the vibrational density of states (DoS). The vibrational DoS of CuCl is given in Figure 8.11(b). 

In the calibration process proper the straight-line curve representing the numerically correct, linear correlation between the gas flow per unit of time and the leak rate is defined by two points the zero point (no display where no emissions are detected) and the value shown with the test leak (correct display for a known leak). 

For graphical display of the results, we have chosen semilogarithmic curves with potential (measured against hydrogen in the same solution) as ordinate and current per unit mass of the test substance as abscissa. 

As the system is subjected to ongoing, low-level mechanical agitation, the network structure is rearranged to a dispersion of more compact floes that display both a lower yield value and a lower apparent viscosity than the initial dispersion (curve 2). A certain amount of time is required for the dispersed units to acquire a size and structure compatible with the prevailing low level of agitation. This is why intermediate cases (not shown in Fig. 4.14a) are observed before the actual stationary-state condition is obtained. 

The theoretical light curve is shown in Pig. 1a together with the observed one (van Genderen A.M., The P.S., 1985, Space Sci. Rev., 39, 313). The theoretical curve properly reproduces the dimming timescale and the depth of the observed curve. Theoretical spectrum shown in Pig. 1b displays discrepancies with observations in short waves. The deficit of optical radiation can be explained only by non-uniformity of the dust envelope which increases the contribution of scattering. The slope of far infrared spectrum is due to the adopted extinction tables. Angular distribution of monochromatic brightness (normalized, in arbitrary units) is shown in Pig. 1d. 

Since the numerical values of TL and YL are dependent on the heat exchanging capacity (as shown by equation 3.106), the quantity on the right-hand side of equation 3.110 may be displayed as a function of the inlet temperature to the bed, T0, with T as a parameter. The three bell-shaped curves in Fig. 3.30 are for different values of T and each represents the locus of values given by the right-hand side of this equation. The left-hand side of the equation may be represented by a straight line of unit slope through the point (rCi, 0). The points at which the line intersects the curve represent solutions to equation 3.110. However, we seek only a stable solution which coincides with a high yield. Such a solution would be represented by... 

Under certain assumptions (discussed below), the cost per transfer unit Yx is independent of the number of transfer units x, as shown following Eqn. (20) below. Figure 4 displays the minimum of this dimensionless total cost for a feedwater heater with constant parameters Yx, y, Xu, Tc, M, cp, and U. Similar curves result for condensers and boilers. The values used for the dimensionless parameters y and Yx/XfjTQ are shown in the figure. From the definition x = UA/Mcp, it is seen that x is directly proportional to the heat transfer area A (since U, M, and Cp are constant). 

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