Current lines of development

A main line of development now is multi-functional additives, such as reinforcing fillers talc is added to polypropylene to improve stiffness and heat stability, pigments can aid in UV protection, plasticizers also function as lubricants and anti-static agents. A potentially fertile field is that of synergism between components, where better performance in vital properties such as weathering and flammability can be achieved by using lower concentrations of synergistic additives. 

There is also active development of surface-modification technology, to render fillers of all types (especially inexpensive mineral fillers) more acceptable 

---

It is particularly important to study process phenomena under dynamic (rather than static) conditions. Most current analytical techniques are designed to determine the initial and final states of a material or process. Instmments must be designed for the analysis of materials processing in real time, so that the cmcial chemical reactions in materials synthesis and processing can be monitored as they occur. Recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance and laser probes indicate valuable lines of development for new techniques and comparable instmmentation for the study of interfaces, complex hquids, microstmctures, and hierarchical assemblies of materials. Instmmentation needs for the study of microstmctured materials are discussed in Chapter 9. 

Current research efforts are concentrating on computationally efficient implementations of the energy equation within the MicroFlowS framework to allow realistic simulations of soot particle reaction in the porous structures. The next section shows a parallel line of development that started in Konstandopoulos and Kostoglou (2004), which tries to extend continuum models of soot oxidation to account for microstructural effects. 

The appearance of the current algebra in the speeches and discussions of this conference really marks the beginning of one of the most fruitful lines of development that has brought us to present views. 

However, the last few years have also seen a growing awareness of the problems inherent in using the semiconductor-electrolyte interface as a means of solar-energy conversion. Very long-term stability may not be possible in aqueous electrolytes and no oxide material has been identified that has properties suitable for use as a photoanode in a photoelectrolysis cell. Highly efficient photovoltaic cells are known, both in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, but it is far from clear that the additional engineering complexity, over and above that required for the dry p-n junction photovoltaic device, will ever allow the "wet photovoltaic cells to be competitive. These, and other problems, have led to something of a pause in the flood of papers on semiconductor electrochemistry in the last two years and the current review is therefore timely. I have tried to indicate what is, and is not, known at present and where future lines of development may lie. Individual semiconductors are not treated in detail, but it is hoped that most of the theoretical strands apparent in the last few years are discussed. 

Initially, bipolar plates were made from highly dense graphite. Despite having high corrosion resistance and good electrical conductivity, the plates were quite brittle and additional resin impregnation was needed to close residual porosity. Pure graphite today is only used for special laboratory cells for research purpose. Currently, there are two major lines of development which are differentiated by the choice of the base material. 

Alternatively, some subunit viral vaccines can be generated by rDNA techniques and expressed in a continuous ceU line or insect ceUs. Recent advances in bioreactor design and operation have improved the successful production of IPV in large-scale bioreactors. However, roUer bottles or flasks are stiU used for most current vaccine production. Development of insect ceU culture will allow for very large-scale Hquid suspension culture (143). Several vaccine candidates such as gpl60 for HIV and gD protein for herpes have been demonstrated in the insect ceU culture system. However, no vaccine has been approved for human use. 

The use of kinetic inhibitors and/or anti-agglomcrators in actual fieid operations is a new and evolving technology. These are various formulations of chemicals that can be used in a mixture of one or more kinetic inhibitors and/or anti-agglomerators. At the current time, to get an optimum mixture for a specific application it is necessary to set up a controlled bench test using the actual fluids to be inhibited and determine the resulting equilibrium phase line. As the mixture of chemicals is changed, a family of equilibrium phase lines will develop. This will result m an initial determination of a near optimum mixture of chemicals. 

Taken as a whole, these observations show that parasite lines differ in an immune-dependent manner in their infection/expulsion kinetics. Furthermore, there is heritable variation in survival and fecundity in previously exposed hosts and quantitative variation in the immune response that selected parasite lines elicit. Again, taken as a whole, these observations have the necessary corollary that variation in these traits exists not only in laboratory-maintained isolates but also in helminth species in nature. The phenotypes under consideration here (infection/expulsion kinetics, survival, fecundity) are multifactorial life-history traits. Understanding the basis of variation in the components and interplay of these complex, immune-responsive phenotypes must be of crucial relevance to understanding the immunology of infections of parasitic nematodes. This is of particular relevance in view of current attempts to develop immunological methods of nematode control. 

---