CuCl2 Copper chloride

The first observations, done by Tsuji et al. in 1980 on substituted acetylenes, were reinvestigated by Brandsma in 1994 and concern the alkoxycarbonylation of these substrates, not to give an acrylate moiety, but instead acetylenic esters [111,112]. The catalytic system involves PdCl2/CuCl2/NaOAc. Copper chloride introduced in stoichiometric amounts is responsible for the CH activation, maintaining the triple bond. Such an activation recalls that observed on allenyl- and propynylhalides that classically gives the allenyl-esters [113]. 

Copper chloride is universally applied as catalyst. - Known as the modified Deacon catalyst, CuCl2 is supported on alumina and contains KC1. Under operating conditions a CUCI2-CU2CI2-KCI ternary mixture, possibly in the molten state, is... 

An ionic compound is named with the cation name first, followed by the name of the anion the word ion is omitted in each case. Typical names include potassium chloride (KCl), a compound containing K+ and Cl ions and ammonium nitrate (NH4N03), which contains NH4+ and N03 ions. The copper chloride that contains Cu+ ions (CuCl) is called copper(I) chloride and the chloride that contains Cu2+ ions (CuCl2) is called copper(II) chloride. 

The purpose of this article is to study the viability of the copper chloride thermochemical cycle by studying the hydrolysis reaction of CuCl2 which is not favoured thermodynamically. To better understand the occurrence of possible side reactions, together with a good control of the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction, the use of optical absorption spectrometries, UV visible spectrometry to detect molecular chlorine which may be formed in side reactions, FTIR spectrometry to follow the concentrations of H20 and HCl is proposed. 

Kelkar and Bhat44 described a modified method for making nylon-PPy composites. In the modified method, the nylon is first doped with copper chloride. Because CuCl2 acted as an initiation site for polymerization, the authors argue that this resulted in more continuous conducting polymer chains throughout the nylon and a higher bulk conductivity. 

Alioi658 CCRIS 6883 Coclor Copper bichloride Copper chloride Copper chloride (CuCl2) Copper dichloride Copper(2- ) chloride Copper(ll) chloride Copperfll) chloride (1 2) Coppertrace Cupric chloride Cupric dichloride EINECS 231-210-2 HSDB 259 ... 

Fig. 26.6 The time between contact and the cradle-carrying behavior in male shore crabs (red or green color morphs) exposed to copper chloride (CuCl2) (0.1 or 0.5 mg L 1 Cu) and in control males. The male stands guard over the female and this guarding behavior is induced by pheromones in the female urine. Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric variance analysis followed by Mann Whitney U-test, demonstrated that the latency between contact and cradle-carrying was longer in copper exposed male compare to the unexposed controls (figure from Krang and Ekerholm 2006 photo by K. Reise). Figure reprinted with permission from Elsevier...

Now, if we extend this thinking, we can consider the interconversion not just of copper oxides but of ionic copper compounds, like copper chlorides (cupric chloride, CuCl2, and cuprous chloride, CuCl). Suppose we have a mixed solution of cuprous chloride and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Both compounds will split into their ions, Cu+, Cl , H+ and another Cl . If the Cu+ were oxidised to the cupric state, Cu +, it could claim both the chloride ions. For this to happen, the Cu+ must lose a negative charge, an electron. Who better to lose it to than the hydrogen ion, H+ If a pair of cuprous ions are oxidised to cupric ions by a pair of H+ ions, the Hs can pair up to form hydrogen gas H2. 

Te-Velde G, Baerends EJ (1992) Nrrmerical integration for polyatomic systems. J Comput Phys 99 84-98 Te-Velde G (1995) Amsterdam Density Fimctional 2.0.1, Users Guide, Vtije Universiteit, Amsterdam Texler NR, Rode BM (1997) Monte Carlo simirlations of copper chloride solutions at various concentrations including full 3-body correction terms. Chem Phys 222 281-288 Texler NR, Holdway S, Neilson GW, Rode BM (1998) Monte Carlo simulations and neutron diffraction studies of the peptide forming system 0.5 mol kg CuCl2-5 mol kg NaCl-H20 at 293 and 353 K. J Chem Soc Faraday T 94 59-65... 

Copper chloride Zinc chloride CuCl2(H20)2 ZnCl2 tetrahedral polymeric 4 2... 

CuCl2 (copper(II) chloride) An anhydrous soluble brown solid. A concentrated aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride is brown. The color of the solution changes to green (CUCI2.2H2O), then blue as... 

In the Sandmeyer reactions involving copper, electron-transfer-mediated radical reactions are certainly involved. In HCI, cuprous chloride (CuCl) is in equifib-rium with the dichlorocuprate ion CuCl2 (Frg. 14.56).The dichlorocuprate ion can transfer an electron to the diazonium ion, which can then lose molecular nitrogen to give a phenyl radical. In turn, the phenyl radical can pluck a chlorine atom from a copper chloride molecule to give the chlorobenzene and a molecule of cuprous chloride. The mechanism for the formation of chlorobenzene in the Sandmeyer reaction is shown in Figure 14.57. 

When a freshly sanded strip of aluminum is dipped into an aqueous solution of copper chloride, CuCl2(ay), it starts to dissolve and some brown metallic copper is formed on the strip. Use standard reduction potentials (see Table 12.2) to demonstrate that this reaction is spontaneous under standard-state conditions. Why must the aluminum be freshly sanded ... 

Figure 6.1.5 shows the effect of CUCI2 concentration in the NaCl-Cal2 salt system on the Hf removal efficiency. It is interesting to note that an increased copper chloride concentration improves the removal efficiency significantly, at the same CuCl2/Hf ratio (1.5 stoichiometric). 

FeCls iron(in) chloride or ferrum(ni) chloride CuCl2 copper(n) chloride or cuprum(n) chloride Hi) Alternatively the charge on an ion may be indicated by an Arabic numeral, followed by the sign of the charge, both in parenthesis attached at the end of... 

EeCls iron(3 +) chloride CuCl2 copper(2 + ) chloride... 

The major problem of these diazotizations is oxidation of the initial aminophenols by nitrous acid to the corresponding quinones. Easily oxidized amines, in particular aminonaphthols, are therefore commonly diazotized in a weakly acidic medium (pH 3, so-called neutral diazotization) or in the presence of zinc or copper salts. This process, which is due to Sandmeyer, is important in the manufacture of diazo components for metal complex dyes, in particular those derived from l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. Kozlov and Volodarskii (1969) measured the rates of diazotization of l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid in the presence of one equivalent of 13 different sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates of di- and trivalent metal ions (Cu2+, Sn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2 +, Fe3+, Al3+, etc.). The rates are first-order with respect to the added salts. The highest rate is that in the presence of Cu2+. The anions also have a catalytic effect (CuCl2 > Cu(N03)2 > CuS04). The mechanistic basis of this metal ion catalysis is not yet clear. 

Although sulfonyl chlorides add readily to unactivated olefins, with vinylic monomers telomeric and/or polymeric products were observed. This difficulty has been overcome by carrying out the addition in the presence of catalytic amounts of CuCl2, so as to provide a general and convenient synthesis of /5-chlorosulfones (Asscher-Vofsi reaction)63. For the copper-catalyzed system a redox-transfer mechanism has been suggested in which the... 

E.25 A chemist measured out 8.61 g of copper(Il) chloride tetrahydrate, CuCI2-4H20. (a) How many moles of CuCl2-4H20 were measured out (b) How many moles of Cl ions are present in the sample (c) How many water molecules are present in the sample (d) What fraction of the total mass of the sample was due to oxygen ... 

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