Crystalline solid fundamental types

Properties of different types of solid. Difference between crystalline and non-crystalline materials. Fundamental types of crystal lattice and their properties. 

Before discussing these microstructures and their evolution during deformation, it will be helpful to consider briefly some fundamental aspects of the deformation processes in crystalline solids (in particular, the role of dislocations) and the basic types of deformation experiments." ... 

A brief description of the type of "racemic" compounds is necessary for the reader to better understand the principles behind the application of crystallization methods to the separation of enantiomers. Three fundamental types of crystalline racemates exist. In the first, the crystalline racemate is a conglomerate, which exists as a mechanical mixture of crystals of two pure enantiomers. The second, which is the most common, consists of the two enantiomers in equal proportions in a well-defined arrangement within the crystal lattice this is termed racemic compound. The third possibility occurs with the formation of a solid solution between the two enantiomers that coexist in an unordered manner in the crystal. This kind of racemate is called a pseu-... 

We have seen that crystalline solids can be divided into three classes, depending on the fundamental particle or unit of the solid, ionic solids consist of oppositely charged ions packed together, molecular solids contain molecules, and atomic solids have atoms as their fundamental particles. Examples of the various types of solids are given in Table 14.4. 

For the reader s benefit the book is developed along several lines for ease of reference. The same studies may thus be discussed from different points of view such as type of equipment, polymer used, basic parameters, and the polymer state. Presentation by polymer state we feel is a fundamental, i.e., a molecular approach to mechanochemistry. To be sure, there is not always a clear distinction among solid (crystalline and glassy), rubbery (viscoelastic), and molten (elastoviscous) states. Polymer solutions may, for example, be generally considered within the range of molten state behavior except for effects at extreme dilution. 

Layered and spinel materials have been used successfully as intercalation-type cathode active materials in commercial Li-ion batteries. The physical and chemical properties, electrochemical reactions, structure evolution mechanisms, stability and safety issues have been widely investigated. Based on comprehensive fundamental researches, since 1980s, their electrochemical performances are improved continuous after various modifications, such as doping, surface coating, forming solid solution and composite, controlling morphology, size and crystallinity. Here, basic features of layered and spinel materials are summarized. 

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