Crossflow-microfiltration

Another significant issue pertains to beer quality. Although the kieselguhr manufacturing process includes a calcination (fumacing) step, which is designed to remove metal 

---

Bertera, R. Steven, H. and Metcalfe, M. The Chemical Engineer, No. 401 (June, 1984). 10. Development studies of crossflow microfiltration. 

Maiorella B, Dorin G, Carion A, Harano D. Crossflow microfiltration of animal cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990 37 121-126. 

For the crossflow microfiltration of cells, values of A = 1.0 and a = 1.3 were determined experimentally. More generally, mass transfer to a stationary layer at a surface in a stirred cyclindrical vessel can be described by Eq. (8.77), with r as the cell radius. 

G. Belfort, R.H. Davis and A.L. Zydney, The Behavior of Suspensions and Macro-molecular Solutions in Crossflow Microfiltration, J. Membr. Sci. 1, 96 (1994). 

The fermentation of S. paucimobilis SC 16113 culture was carried out in a 750-liter fermentor. From each fermentation batch, about 60 kg of wet cell paste was collected. Cells harvested from the fermentor were used to conduct the biotransformation in 1-, 10-, and 210-liter preparative batches under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The cells were suspended in 80 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to 20% (w/v, wet cells) concentration. Compound (6) (1-2 g/ liter) and glucose (25 g/liter) were added to the fermentor and the reduction reaction was carried out at 37°C. In some batches, at the end of the fermentation cycle, the cells were concentrated sevenfold by ceramic crossflow microfiltration using a 0.2-pm filter, diafiltered using 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and used directly in the bioreduction process. In all batches of biotransformation, the reaction yield of >85% and the e.e. of >98% were obtained (Table 4). The isolation of compound (7) from the 210-liter preparative batch was carried out to obtain 100 g of product (7). The isolated (7) gave 83% chemical purity and an e.e. of 99.5%. 

Peuchot, M. and Ben Aim, R. (1992) Improvement of crossflow microfiltration performances with flocculation. Journal of Membrane Science, 68 (3), 241-248. 

Cell harvesting Centrifugation Crossflow microfiltration (MF) Ultrafiltration (UF) Separation does not rely on density differences High cell densities obtainable... 

Void [52] developed a variety of ballistic deposition models to simulate sedimentation processes. Void used ballistic models to determine deposition densities for spherical particles which traveled via vertical paths and were deposited on horizontal surfaces. Recently, Schmitz et al. [53] used a ballistic aggregation model to describe particle aggregation at the surface of a crossflow microfiltration membrane. Schmitz and co-workers were able to account for interfacial forces empirically, and demonstrated the influence of physical and chemical variables on the resulting morphology of the fouling deposits (such as aggregate density variation with depth, and influence of shear flow and re-entrainment properties on fouling deposit density and porosity). 

Gillot, J., G. Brinkman and D. Garcera, 1984, New ceramic filter media for crossflow microfiltration and ultrafiltration, presented at Filtra 84 Conf., Paris, France. 

Effects of crossflow microfiltration on organoleptic characteristics of white and red wines using alumina membranes... 

Beer rccoYcry from tank bottoms and yeast rccQYcry> in beer production, yeast is recovered after fermentation. This is normally done by centrifuging but potentially can be accomplished by dead-end or crossflow microfiltration inorganic membranes. 

Thoukis, G., Chemistry of wine stabilization a review, in Chemistry of Winemaking, ed.A.D. Webb (Adv. in Chem. Ser. 137, Am. Chem. Soc., Wash. D.C.) p. 116. TiOg dh, G., arKl P-E Wahlgren, 1989, Removal of bacteria from beer using crossflow microfiltration, in Proc. 1st InL Conf. Inorg. Membr., Montpellier, France, p.291. 

Mikulasek P, Dolecek P, Smidova D, and Pospfsil P. Crossflow microfiltration of mineral dispersions using ceramic membranes. Desalination 2004 163 333-343. 

Li H, Fane AG, Coster HGL, and Vigneswaran S, Direct observation of particle deposition on the membrane surface during crossflow microfiltration, J. Membr. Sci. 1998a 149 83. 

Belfort G, Davis RH, and Zydney AL, Review The behavior of suspensions and macromolecular solutions in crossflow microfiltration, J. Memb. Sci. 1994 96 1-58. 

Li H, Mechanism study for crossflow microfiltration with pulsatile flow. PhD thesis. The University of New South Wales, Australia, 1995. 

Bertram CD, Hoogland MR, Li H, OdeU RA, and Pane AG, Plux enhancement in crossflow microfiltration using a collapsible-tube pulsation generator, J. Membr. Sci. 1993 84 279-292. 

Frenander U and Jdnsson AS, Cell harvesting by crossflow microfiltration using a shear-enhanced module, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1996 52 397. 

Wakeman RJ and Tarleton ES, Membrane fouling prevention in crossflow microfiltration, Chem. Eng. Sci. 1987 42(4) 829-842. 

Akay G and Wakeman RJ, Electric field enhanced crossflow microfiltration of hydrophobicafly modified water soluble pol3mers, J. Membr. Sci. 1991 131 229-236. 

Crossflow microfiltration (CMF) using semipermeable membranes has been evaluated as a potential alternative to conventional processing in the brewing industry since the early 1980s. Yet, the extensive adoption of this technology by the beer industry was hindered by the protein and aroma retention, and the severe flux decline (Figure 20.3) that takes place during this process. 

Gan Q. Beer clarification by crossflow microfiltration—effect of surface hydrodynamics and reversed membrane morphology. Chem. Eng. Process., 2001 40(5) 413 19. 

Blatt WF, Dravid A, Michaels AS, and Nelson L. Solute polarization and cake formation in membrane ultrafiltration Causes, consequences and control techniques. In Membrane Science and Technology, ed., Fhnn JE, Plenum Press, New York, 1970, pp. 47-97. 40. Blanpain-Avet P, Doubrovine N, Lafforgue C, and Lalande M. The effect of oscillatory flow on crossflow microfiltration of beer in a tubular mineral membrane system—membrane fouhng resistance decrease and energetic considerations. J. Membr. Sci., 1999 152(2) 151-174. 

Merin, U. and Daufin, G., Crossflow microfiltration in the dairy industry State-of-the-art, Lait, 70, 281, 1990. 

Punidadas, P. and Rizvi, S.S.H., Separation of milk proteins into fractions rich in caseins or whey proteins by crossflow microfiltration. Food Res. Int., 31, 265, 2001. 

Vadi, P.K. and Rizvi, S.S.H., Experimental evaluation of a uniform transmembrane pressure crossflow microfiltration unit for the concentration of micellar casein from skim milk, J. Membr. Sci., 189, 69, 2001. 

Sengupta, S.K., Slade, J.A., and Tulk, W.S., Fiquid radioactive waste processing with crossflow microfiltration and spiral wound reverse osmosis, Report AECL-11270, Chalk River, Ontario, Febmary, 1995. 

A.S.C. Chen, J.T. Flynn, R.G. Cook and A.L. Casaday, Removal of oil, grease, and suspended solids from produced water with ceramic crossflow microfiltration. SPE Prod. Eng., (1991) 131-136. 

G. Trag rdh and P.E. Wahlgren, Removal of bacteria from beer using crossflow microfiltration, in Ref. [1], pp. 291-295. 

---