Cross layering method

The above results suggest a potential for utilizing surface fluorinated plastics for modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging applications. If needed, the barrier properties can be improved further by vacuum metalization. Excellent adhesion was found for vacuum-deposited aluminum on this new fluorinated layer, achieving an adhesion index of 10 using the classical cross-hatch method. With this treatment method it was also possible to heat-seal PP or PE onto PET. 

The cross-reaction of secondary species-specific antibodies with primary antibodies from the same species is obviously avoided by direct (one antibody layer) methods. The direct method offers an easy way for simultaneous labeling of a pair or more antigens, even when using primary antibodies from the same species. Recently, a direct technique with primary antibodies that are covalently labeled by different fluorophores was described for a simultaneous detection of up to seven... 

Zhang et al. [78] analysed the metal contents of serum samples by ICP-AES (Fe, Ca, Mg, Cr, Cu, P, Zn and Sr) to diagnose cancer. BAM was compared with multi-layer feed-forward neural networks (error back-propagation). The BAM method was validated with independent prediction samples using the cross-validation method. The best results were obtained using BAM networks. 

By means of a repetitive Suzuki aryl-aryl cross-coupling method, developed by Schliiter, Wegner and co-workers, the synthesis of solubilized PPP s 6 with a dramatically increased molecular weight (number average up to 100 1,4-pheny-lene units) was possible [12]. 2,5-Dialkyl-substituted PPPs 6 were intensively studied as prototypes of so-called hairy-rod macromolecules, composed of a linear, rigid PPP main-chain and flexible, hairy alkyl side-chains. The individual, shape-persistent macromolecules can be imaged by transition electron microscopy within monolayers [16]. Poly(2,5-di-n-dodecyl-l,4-phenylene) 6 (R -C12H25) revealed a sandwich-type structure with layers of aliphatic side-chains perpendicular and layers of the PPP main-chain parallel to the substrate surface. 

The embossing ice particulate template method has also been used to prepare porous scaffolds of other naturally derived polymers such as chitosan, HA and GAGs [19-21]. The funnel-like porous scaffolds of chitosan and HA and collagen-GAG composite prepared by this method also show the hierarchical two-layer pore structures (Fig. 3.1.4). Depending on the type of naturally derived polymers, the cross-linking method is different. The... 

A laser sheet having a width of 10 mm was used for the illumination of the flow field to make the movements of tracer particles visible. After confirming the particles dispersed in the still salt water layer and silicone oil layer did not move, the vessel was declined 10 or 20° to the horizontal at a rotation velocity of 0.070 or 0.327 rad/s, using an air cylinder. A CCD camera mounted on the frame of the vessel was used for recording the movements of the particles at 30 frames/s. A velocity difference for the onset of shear flow instability was measured with PIV. The cross-correlation method was used to process the video images. 

Interfdci l Composite Membra.nes, A method of making asymmetric membranes involving interfacial polymerization was developed in the 1960s. This technique was used to produce reverse osmosis membranes with dramatically improved salt rejections and water fluxes compared to those prepared by the Loeb-Sourirajan process (28). In the interfacial polymerization method, an aqueous solution of a reactive prepolymer, such as polyamine, is first deposited in the pores of a microporous support membrane, typically a polysulfone ultrafUtration membrane. The amine-loaded support is then immersed in a water-immiscible solvent solution containing a reactant, for example, a diacid chloride in hexane. The amine and acid chloride then react at the interface of the two solutions to form a densely cross-linked, extremely thin membrane layer. This preparation method is shown schematically in Figure 15. The first membrane made was based on polyethylenimine cross-linked with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (28). The process was later refined at FilmTec Corporation (29,30) and at UOP (31) in the United States, and at Nitto (32) in Japan. 

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