Crosfields

The Chinese CoalIndusty,]osecph. Crosfield md Sons, Ltd., Warrington, U.K., 1961, part 1, section II. 

Iron oxide is also used for nonpigmentary applications, eg, ferrites (qv) and foundry sands making total world demand for iron oxide close to 1 X 10 t. The principal worldwide producers of iron oxide pigments are Bayer AG (ca 300,000 t/yr worldwide), and Harcros Pigments Inc., a subsidiary of Harrisons Crosfield PLC. In the United States, Bayer produces the Bayferrox line of iron oxide pigments in New Martinsville (see Iron compounds). 

Applications. In 1994, approximately 675,000 metric tons of amorphous precipitated sihca were manufactured for sale (38,62). Degussa, J. M. Huber, and PPG in the United States and in Europe, and Akzo (Germany), Aluflour (Sweden), Crosfield (United Kingdom), Nippon Sihca (Japan), Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), Shionogi (Japan), Tokuyama Soda (Japan), and Vitro PQ (Mexico) are the primary producers. 

Croda International Pic, 209 Crompton Knowles Colors Inc., 224 Crompton Corporation, 224 Crop Protection Association, 266 Crop Protection histitute, 259 Crosfield Group, 209-210 Crotonaldehyde, 46 Crotonic acid, 46 Crowley Chemical Co., 224... 

The work is collaborative with contributions from a consortium comprising the Manchester Metropolitan University, Crosfield U.K., Thor Specialities U.K., Liquid Plastics and the Paint Research Association. 

The precipitated silica (J. Crosfield Sons) was heated in vacuo at 120° for 24h. before use. Two grades of surface areas 186 and 227 m g l (BET,N2), were used during this project. Random copolymers, poly(methyl methacrylates) and polystyrene PS I were prepared by radical polymerization block polymers and the other polystyrenes were made by anionic polymerization with either sodium naphthalene or sodium a methylstyrene tetramer as initiator. The polymer compositions and molecular weights are given in Table I. 

Crosfleld A continuous soapmaking process developed by J. Crosfield Sons, Warrington, England and used in the manufacture of Persil from 1962. 

Twitchell An early process for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of animal and vegetable fats for the production of glycerol and soap. The catalyst was a mixture of sulfonated oleic and naphthenic acids and sulfuric acid, known as Twitchell saponifier. Invented in 1897 by E. Twitchell and commercialized by Joslin, Schmidt Company, Cincinnati, OH. The British soapmakers at that time, Joseph Crosfield Sons, did not use it because the products were considered to be too dark in color. 

The process was invented in Germany by C. Lowig in 1882 and used at Joseph Crosfield Sons, Warrington, UK, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. See also causticization. 

Kogyo, NKK, Showa Denko, and Toshiba Ceramics Crosfield precipitated, gel United Kingdom, United States 32... 

The use of clays as supports for hydroprocessing has been reported and summarized [9-11], Dibenzothiophene (DBT) diluted with hexadecane (0.75 wt% S) was the liquid feed for HDS tests. The pore diameter of the MSC catalysts is seen to have a strong effect on both the HDS activity and selectivity (Figure 4). A commercial catalyst (Crosfield 465, Co/Mo alumina) was also measured under these conditions where it gave 77% DBT conversion and 61% BP selectivity. In a previous study [12], other synthetic hectorites were compared using these conditions except that a 1 wt% S feed was utilized. One sample was a control made without template that consisted of only micropores. The DBT conversion and BP selectivity were very low for this microporous material. The Crosfield material has significant macroporosity (42% of the pore volume) in addition to a broad distribution of mesoporosity, and has clearly been optimized to perform well under these HDS conditions. 

Organosilane mmol N(S)/g Cab-O-Sil HS5 mmol N(S)/g Crosfield HP39 mmol N(S)/g Crosfield 200DF... 

Figure 2 shows a set of results for a catalyst powder (Super-D), manufactured by Crosfields Chemicals, Warrington, made from pellets by grinding with a pestle and mortar. Figure 2 portrays the extent of penetration of the pore volume as the pressure of mercury is increased. Also shown in the same figure are the results for pellets fractured into halfsize and quarter-size fragments. These results for powder, fractured pellets and whole pellets are to be used as a measurement framework for distinguishing the basic pore structure/pore size distribution of the interior porosity of the micro-porous particles and the intra-pellet pore spaces of the full pellet. 

The main merchant producers of soluble siUcates in the United States are The PQ Corporation, OxyChem, Crosfields Chemicals, Power SiUcates, and Chemical Products. Several companies including PPG Industries, W. R. Grace,. M. Huber, DuPont, and Albemade Corporation produce siUcates for captive use. There were more than 30 soluble siUcate plants in the United States in 1996 and production capabiUties were more than adequate for demands. A key producer woddwide is The PQ Corporation, which has plants in both North and South America, Europe, Asia, and AustraUa. In Japan, Toso Sangyo, Fuji Chemical, and Nippon Chemical are the largest producers. Henkel, Rh< ne-Poulenc, Foret, and Crosfield Chemicals are principal producers in Europe (90). 

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