Cronin

E. Cronin, Contact Dermatitis, ChurchiU Liviugstone, Edinburgh, U.K., 1980. 

API RP 750 CCPS G-13 CCPS G-23 CCPS G-29 CCPS G-30 CCPS G-41 Cronin 1987 Eckhoff 1997 NFPA36 NFPA491... 

Cronin, J. E. A Strategy for Thermal Hazards Analysis in Batch Chemical Manufacture, Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Bank Polytechnic, 1987. 

Analysis of carbon compounds—even amino acids—from extraterrestrial sources might provide deeper insights into this mystery. John Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello have examined the enantiomeric distribution of unusual amino acids obtained from the Murchison meteorite, which struck the earth on September 28, 1969, near Murchison, Australia. (By selecting unusual amino... 

The four stereoisomers of this amino acid include the D- and L-forms of a-methylisoleucine and a-methylalloisoleucine. Cronin, J.R., and Pizzarello, S., 1997. Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids.. Science 275 951—955. 

Cronin CA, Gluba W, Scrable H (2001) The lac operator-repressor system is functional in the mouse. Genes Dev 15 1506-1517... 

Bain VG, Kaita KD, Yoshida EM, Swain MG, Heathcote EJ, Neumann AU, FisceUa M, Yu R, Osborn BE, Cronin PW, Ereimuth WW, McHutchison JG, Subramanian GM (2006) A phase 2 study to evaluate the antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of recombinant human albumin-interferon alfa fusion protein in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 44 671-678... 

Bain VG, Marotta P, Kaita K, Yoshida E, Swain MG, Bailey R, Neumann AU, Cronin PW, McHutchison JG, Pulkstenis E, Subramanian GM (2007) Comparable antiviral response rates with albumin interferon alpha-2b dosed at Q2W or Q4W intervals in naive subjects with genotype 2 or 3 chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 46 S7... 

Cronin, T. et al. Augmentation mammaplasty A new natural feel prosthesis. Transactions 3rd International Congress Plastic. Reconstruction Surgery, Broadband, T.R., Ed., Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, 1963, 41. 

J. Cronin, Differential Equations Introduction and Qualitative Theory, Second Edition (1994)... 

AC Pease, D Solas, EJ Sullivan, MT Cronin, CP Holmes, SPA Fodor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 5022-5026, 1994. 

MLR is the most widely used of the QSAR modeling techniques. Walker et al. [15] have published guidelines for the development and use of MLR-based QSARs, and Cronin and Schultz [41] have discussed their potential pitfalls. 

The descriptors used should not be highly collinear with each other, for two reasons. First, this can lead to statistical instability and overprediction, and second, collinearity makes mechanistic interpretation difficult. For example, Cronin and Schultz [41] have pointed out that although a good correlation could be obtained between the skin sensitization potential and the hydrophobicity of a series of bromoalkanes, a correlation between skin sensitization potential and molecular weight had exactly the same statistics, because hydrophobicity and molecular weight are very highly correlated in homologous series. 

A similarity-related approach is k-nearest neighbor (KNN) analysis, based on the premise that similar compounds have similar properties. Compounds are distributed in multidimensional space according to their values of a number of selected properties the toxicity of a compound of interest is then taken as the mean of the toxicides of a number (k) of nearest neighbors. Cronin et al. [65] used KNN to model the toxicity of 91 heterogeneous organic chemicals to the alga Chlorella vulgaris, but found it no better than MLR. 

The above methods all assume that a clear spatial distinction can be made between toxic and nontoxic compounds. However, it is sometimes found that toxic compounds form a cluster embedded in a milieu of nontoxic compounds. In such cases, a different technique, embedded cluster modeling, can be used [77]. Cronin [78] has used the technique to model eye irritation data. 

The author is grateful to Dr. Mark Cronin for constructive comments and advice on the manuscript. 

Livingstone DJ. Building QSAR models a practical guide. In Cronin MTD, Livingstone DJ, editors. Predicting chemical toxicity and fate. Boca Raton CRC Press, 2004. p. 151-70. 

Aptula AQ, Jeliazkova NG, Schultz TW, Cronin MTD. The better predictive model high q for the training set or low root mean square error of prediction for the test set QSAR Comb Sci 2005 24 385-96. 

Dearden JC, Barratt MD, Benigni R, Bristol DW, Combes RD, Cronin MTD et al. The development and validation of expert systems for predicting toxicity. ATE A 1997 25 223-52. 

Cronin MTD, Netzeva TI, Dearden JC, Edwards R, Worgan ADR Assessment and modeling of the toxicity of organic chemicals to Chlorella vulgaris development of a novel database. Chem Res Toxicol 2004 17 545-54. 

Worth AP, Cronin MTD. The use of discriminant analysis, logistic regression and classification tree analysis in the development of classification models for human health effects. J Mol Struct (Theochem) 2003 622 97-111. 

Worth AP, Cronin MTD. Embedded cluster modelling a novel QSAR method for generating elliptic models of biological activity. In Balls M, van Zeller A-M,... 

Cronin MTD. The use of cluster significance analysis to identify asymmetric QSAR data sets in toxicology. An example with eye irritation data. SAR QSAR Environ Res 1996 5 167-75. 

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