Critical realism

Although Kuhn and Hanson sometimes lapsed into a non-essentialist form of idealism, which assimilated things to thought and reality to theory, the Popperian notion of critical realism represented the dominant tendency among... 

Comparing Aven and Renn (2009a) to other critical reahst approaches across scientific disciplines, such as Sayer s (2000) Critical Realism (based on Bhaskar... 

Midgley, David. Writing Weimar Critical Realism in German Literature, ic,i8-1933. Oxford University Press, zooo. 

Graham K. Wilson, The Politics of Safety and Health 6-7 (1985) Jon Hanson David Yosifon, The Situation An Introduction to the Situational Character, Critical Realism, Power Economics, and Deep Capture, 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 129, 136, 197 (2003) (exogenous influences) Stewart J. Schwab, Life-Cycle justice Accommodating just Cause and Employment at Will, 92 Mich. L. Rev. 8, 29 (1993). 

Smith, M. L. (2006). Overcoming theory-practice inconsistencies Critical realism and information systems research. Information and Organization, 2006(16), 191-211. 

Obviously, construction of a mathematical model of this process, with our present limited knowledge about some of the critical details of the process, requires good insight and many qualitative judgments to pose a solvable mathematical problem with some claim to realism. For example what dictates the point of phase separation does equilibrium or rate of diffusion govern the monomer partitioning between phase if it is the former what are the partition coefficients for each monomer which polymeric species go to each phase and so on. 

Constructivism is linked to the philosophical-epistemological theory of (scientific) relativism or empiricism, which is in contrast to another theory, that of (scientific) realism or objectivism or positivism. Realists believe logical analysis applied to objective observations can be used to discover the truth about the world we live in. Relativists accept the existence of a real world, but question whether this world is knowable . They note that observations, and the choice of observations to be made, are influenced by the beliefs, theories, hypotheses, and background of the individual who makes them (6). Realism and empiricism must be considered as two extremes on a continuum. It is certain that in its early years (surely until, say, the beginning of the twentieth century), science was closer to relativism, but as time passed, we came closer to a realist state. Note that are there are those who argue that philosophical and educational constructivisms are intertwined (15, 16), and those who are against (IT) and critical (18) of the way these philosophical theories are linked to education theories. 

The outstanding limitation of observations such as these which are based on field studies is the lack of control of animal exposure. Although laboratory experiments can be criticized for a lack of biological realism, they are more carefully controlled than observations based on animals collected under field conditions where accumulation is via inhalation as well as ingestion. By ratioing the concentrations in the body to soil concentrations, this analysis bypasses the question of whether inhalation or ingestion is the more important route of exposure. 

Realism and Renegade Putnam A Critical Study of Meaning and the Moral Sciences." Nous 17... 

The simplest experiments are those in which one treatment (factor) is applied at a time to the samples. This approach is likely to give clear-cut answers, but it could be criticized for lacking realism. In particular, it cannot take account of interactions among two or more conditions that are likely to occur in real life. A multifactorial experiment (Fig. 10.4) is an attempt to do this the interactions among treatments can be analysed by specialized forms of analysis of variance. 

As discussed in Chapter 3, sound is a critical storytelling tool. Whether the sound is synchronized (directly related to the visuals—hearing the sound of a door opening when we see the door open) or is used asynchronously (in contrast to the visual), the overall pattern of the sound adds another dimension to the experience of the story. In this way, the sound can be used to support an aura of realism arising out of the visuals, or it can be used to create an alternate or multilayered view. 

Ever since This Is Spinal Tap, student films about performance, filmmaking, writing, and music have relied on the hybrid form loosely called the mockumentary. This is a form that both evokes realism and pokes fun at it. Not quite as intense as the satire, the mockumentary criticizes gently the subject of the film, which is often the media as it interacts with, and often creates, a star. In this sense, the mockumentary is a self-reflexive and self-critical form, as the "mock" in the word suggests. If your idea centers on the relationship between the public and a character, and if the media can play a role in the story, the mockumentary is an amusing and often insightful form. 

In genres such as the fable and the parable, the balance between realism and fantasy is the challenge for the writer. Here too the dialogue is critical, to introduce that balance. If the language is too objectified, it will flatten out the fantastic dimension of the parable if the language is too passionate, too subjective, it will also undermine the parable, by seeming to be too much from the viewpoint of the particular character. 

We are most fortunate that this is a political year, the year of political attack, of political criticism, and of political defense. We are fortunate because probably these issues can be raised only in a political context. How they are handled by the Administration, by the Congress, by the military, and by scientists will be of crucial importance to our society. To the extent that they are not presented with candor, with fairness and with realism—to that extent America will not be made safe and the democratic process will not function. 

R. J. Brissenden, Increasing the Physical Realism of the MONK Criticality Code, Proc. of the Topical Meeting on Physics and Methods in Criticality Safety, Sept. 19-23, 1993, Nashville, TN, pp. 51-57. 

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