Crerar

Anonymous, Shock-Loading Effect On, and Deformation Twinning of Beryllium, John Crerar Library, Research Information Service Bib. No. 236, Chicago, IL, 6 pp., June 1967. 

These correlations mean that the HSAB principle could be a useful approach to evaluate the geochemical behavior of metals and ligands in ore fluids responsible for the formation of the epithermal vein-type deposits. Among the ligands in the ore fluids, HS" and H2S are the most likely to form complexes with the metals concentrated in the gold-silver deposits (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu, Hg, Tl, Cd), whereas Cl prefers to form complexes with the metals concentrated in the base-metal deposits (e.g., Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Sn) (Crerar et al., 1985). 

Wood, S.A., Crerar, D.A. and Borcsik, M.P. (1987) Solubility of the assemblage pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite-sphalerite-galena-gold-stibnite-bismuthinite-argentite-molybdenite in H20-NaCl-C02 solutions from 200°C to 350°C. Econ. Geol, 82, 1864-1887. 

Webby, R. J., Carville, K. S., Kirk, M. D., Greening, G., Ratcliff, R. M., Crerar, S. K., Dempsey, K., Sarna, M., Stafford, R., Patel, M., and Hall, G. (2007). Internationally distributed frozen oyster meat causing multiple outbreaks of norovirus infection in Australia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44,1026-1031. 

Rate constants for the dissolution and precipitation of quartz, for example, have been measured in deionized water (Rimstidt and Barnes, 1980). Dove and Crerar (1990), however, found that reaction rates increased by as much as one and a half orders of magnitude when the reaction proceeded in dilute electrolyte solutions. As well, reaction rates determined in the laboratory from hydrothermal experiments on clean systems differ substantially from those that occur in nature, where clay minerals, oxides, and other materials may coat mineral surfaces and hinder reaction. 

Geochemists, however, seem to have reached a consensus (e.g., Karpov and Kaz min, 1972 Morel and Morgan, 1972 Crerar, 1975 Reed, 1982 Wolery, 1983) that Newton-Raphson iteration is the most powerful and reliable approach, especially in systems where mass is distributed over minerals as well as dissolved species. In this chapter, we consider the special difficulties posed by the nonlinear forms of the governing equations and discuss how the Newton-Raphson method can be used in geochemical modeling to solve the equations rapidly and reliably. 

Equation 8.10 is notable in that it ascribes specific energetic effects to the interactions of the aqueous species taken in pairs (the first summation) and triplets (second summation). The equation s general form is not ad hoc but suggested by statistical mechanics (Anderson and Crerar, 1993, pp. 446 -51). The values of the virial coefficients, however, are largely empirical, being deduced from chemical potentials determined from solutions of just one or two salts. 

There is no certainty, furthermore, that the reaction or reaction mechanism studied in the laboratory will predominate in nature. Data for reaction in deionized water, for example, might not apply if aqueous species present in nature promote a different reaction mechanism, or if they inhibit the mechanism that operated in the laboratory. Dove and Crerar (1990), for example, showed that quartz dissolves into dilute electrolyte solutions up to 30 times more quickly than it does in pure water. Laboratory experiments, furthermore, are nearly always conducted under conditions in which the fluid is far from equilibrium with the mineral, although reactions in nature proceed over a broad range of saturation states across which the laboratory results may not apply. 

Anderson, G. M. and D. A. Crerar, 1993, Thermodynamics in Geochemistry, The Equilibrium Mo del. Oxford University Press. 

Brantley, S. L., D. A. Crerar, N.E. Mpllcr and J. H. Weare, 1984, Geochemistry of a modern marine evaporite, Bocana de Virrila, Peru. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54,447-462. 

Crerar, D. A., 1975, A method for computing multicomponent chemical equilibria based on equilibrium constants. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 39,1375-1384. 

Very few generalized computer-based techniques for calculating chemical equilibria in electrolyte systems have been reported. Crerar (47) describes a method for calculating multicomponent equilibria based on equilibrium constants and activity coefficients estimated from the Debye Huckel equation. It is not clear, however, if this technique has beep applied in general to the solubility of minerals and solids. A second generalized approach has been developed by OIL Systems, Inc. (48). It also operates on specified equilibrium constants and incorporates activity coefficient corrections for ions, non-electrolytes and water. This technique has been applied to a variety of electrolyte equilibrium problems including vapor-liquid equilibria and solubility of solids. 

Susak, N.J. Crerar, D.A. 1982. Factors Controlling Mineral Zoning in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. Economic Geology, 77, 476-482. 

Schott,). Brantley, S. Crerar, D. Guy, Ch. Bor-sik, M. Willaime, Ch. (1989) Dissolution kinetics of strained calcite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 373-382 Schrader, R. Biittner, G. (1963) New iron oxide phase -Fe20j Z. anorg. Allg. Chemie 320 220-234... 

Armour, M.A., Chang, M., Crerar, J., Linetsky, A., and Renecker, D., On-site destruction of small quantities of chemical carcinogens, Proceedings of 16th Annual Waste Management Conference, Environment Canada, Calgary, Alberta, 1994, p. 378. 

Nordstrom DK, Plummer LN, Wigley TML, Wolery TJ, Ball JW, Jenne EA, Bassett RL, Crerar DA, Florence TM, Fritz B, Hoffman M, Jr G R Holdren, Lafon GM, Mattigod SV, McDuff RE, Morel F, Reddy MM, Sposito G, Thrailkill J. (1979) Chemical Modeling of Aqueous Systems A Comparison of Computerized Chemical Models for Equilibrium Calculations in Aqueous Systems. Am. Chem. Soc. pp 857-892. 

Kleinmann, R. L. P. and D. A. Crerar. 1979. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and the formation of acidity in simulated coal mine environments. Geomicrobiol. J. 1 373-388. 

Means, J.L., Crerar, D.A., and Duguid, J.O., Migration of radioactive wastes Radionuclide mobilization by complexing agents, Science (Washington, DC), 200, 1477, 1978. 

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