Electric couplings

Figure 36. Stored negative space charge (a), coupled electric field (b), and internal voltage (c) in anodic oxide during anodization (curve 1) and during isothermal aging at various times (curves 2-7).61...

Similarly, when the electromagnetic signals that constitute a set of orthogonally coupled Electric (E) and Magnetic field (B) vectors are introduced inside a geometrical boundary, which in the case in a cylindrical resonant cavity, electrodynamics comes into the play. Solutions to the Maxwell s equations according to the... 

Brighton, C.T., Okerehe, E., Pollack, S., et al. (1992) In vitro bone-cell response to a capacitively coupled electrical field. Role of field strength, pulse pattern and duty cycle. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 285 255-262... 

Keywords Finite element models coupled electrical, mechanical, chemical transport large... 

Polaron — Polarons are charged quasiparticles with spin lf. This term has been introduced by physicists as one of the possible solutions to the equations of the relevant defect model of solids in order to describe an electron in a dielectric polarizing its environment (electron-phonon coupling), electrically situated below the conduction band, and transported together with its polarized environment. Polarons and -> bipolarons are the charge carriers in oxidized or reduced (doped) -> conducting polymers. A polaron is defined as a neutral and a charged -> soliton in the same... 

Figure 4. Schematic representation of the experimental cell for thin-layer isopycnic focusing and of the channel for focusing FFF in coupled electric and gravitational fields.

The operando methodology couples electrical and spectroscopic techniques and aims at the correlation of the sensor activity with the spectroscopic data obtained under the same conditions on the same sample (Fig. 5). In an ideal case, one would obtain four types of information (i) gas-phase changes (and reaction products) from the on-line gas analysis, (ii) species adsorbed on the surface, (iii) changes in the oxide surface and lattice, and (iv) sensor activity. However, in practice, all these items information are seldom obtained. 

Where is the flux (kmolm s ) of ion A under a finite concentration difference AC (kmolm ) across the film of thickness 6 (m). Flux is a vector quantity (directional) and an equivalent condition may be expressed for the diffusion of ion B in the opposite direction. As will be realized later when considering rate equations there is a requirement for the diffusion of ions A and B to be coupled electrically and this requires the momentary flux equations to contain a single average value of the diffusion coefficient rather than the separate diffusion coefficients (m s ). The diffusion coefficient... 

Electrokinetic phenomena are irreversible processes, in which an electric force induces a coupled mechanical flux or a mechanical force induces a coupled electric flux, in the direction tangential to a charged surface. The potential is calculated from the phenomenological coefficients in the relationships between the force and the coupled flux in these phenomena. 

Tadmouri A, Kiyonaka S, Barbado M et al (2012) Cacnb4 directly couples electrical activity to gene expression, a process defective in juvenile epilepsy. EMBO J 31 3730-3744... 

Alternatively, the sign of both exciton bands may be reversed. For the more general, nondegenerate case of coupled electric dipoles involving two different chromophoric groups, the rotatory strength R is given by... 

Power transmission is as a rule effected by belt drive, at first this was with fiat belts and later with V-belts. A drive version using a direct-coupled electric motor with intermediate reduction gear was offered as an option as far back as the 1920s. (Fig. 42). Mobile extrusion units with an independent power supply from a diesel generating set were developed from 1950 for use in the Third World. 

Fig. 42 Extruder drive via gearbox with direct-coupled electric motor, 1935...

Distributions of temperature and stress in a functionally graded material (FGM) based on Ti and TiB during a SPS process have been simulated, with the development of a coupled electrical-thermal-mechanical finite element model [32], It is... 

Wang X, Casolco SR, Xu G, Garay JE (2007) Finite element modeling of electric current-activated sintering the effect of coupled electrical potential, temperature and stress. Acta Mater 55 3611-3622... 

Electromagnetic, in which the vibration of a solid armature (e.g., membrane in loudspeakers and microphones) is due to coupled electric and magnetic fields. Used at/< 50 kHz. 

Laser assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) is a relatively new process. It has already shown promise of becoming a major route for the fabrication of (1) potentially continuous small diameter fibers having premium structural, thermal or optical functionality, (2) complex fiber based microparts such as microsprings and solenoids, and (3) microdevices which operate by using coupled electrical, magnetic and thermal fields. Three excellent reviews should be consulted for details [1-3]. 

Simulations of the NMR spectra of ten most stable conformers of jS-alanine have been carried out by Dobrowolski et al. including analysis of Vcc (n = 1. 2), VcN and couplings. Electric field effects on carbon-carbon coupling tensors and chiral discrimination via NMR spectroscopy have been studied by Pagola et the results have been reported... 

Brighton, C. T., and Pollack, S. R., Treatment of recalcitrant non-union with a capac-itively coupled electrical field, J. Bone Joint Surg., 67A, 577-585 (1985). 

Pagnier T, Boulova M, Galerie A, Gaskov A, Lucazeau G (2000) Reactivity of SnO -CuO nanocrystaUine materials with HjS a coupled electrical and Raman spectroscopic study. Sens Actuators B 71 134—139 Rastomjee CS, Dale RS, Schaffer RJ, Jones EH, Egdell RG, Georgjadis GC, Lee MJ, Tate TJ, Cao LL (1996) An investigation of doping of SnOj by ion implantation and application of ion-implanted films as gas sensors. Thin Solid Films 279 98-105... 

---