Counterintuitive

The most innovative photohalogenation technology developed in the latter twentieth century is that for purposes of photochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). More highly chlorinated products of improved thermal stabiUty, fire resistance, and rigidity are obtained. In production, the stepwise chlorination may be effected in Hquid chlorine which serves both as solvent for the polymer and reagent (46). A soHd-state process has also been devised in which a bed of microparticulate PVC is fluidized with CI2 gas and simultaneously irradiated (47). In both cases the reaction proceeds, counterintuitively, to introduce Cl exclusively at unchlorinated carbon atoms on the polymer backbone. 

The above expression defines the minimum coolant temperature that can be used, with the corresponding U and S to remove the heat. A lower U and S, which would require lower temperature, would make the system sensitive. This seems to be counterintuitive in general, yet not for those who remember the introductory explanation at the first page of this chapter. 

While this above state of affairs is decidedly counterintuitive, it has the virtue of simply and easily - at least in principle - accounting for one of the deep mysteries of quantum mechanics namely, an apparent noidocality as expressed by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen gcdarikcn experiment [ein35] and Bell s theorem [bell64] (see discussion box). Finite nature implies that any system that is allowed to evolve from some distant initial state possesses causality in all space-time directions. This implies, in particular, that no part of space can be considered to be causally separated from another, and that therefore the DM universe will always harbor effects that cannot be attenuated by distance. 

Many in the field of analytical chemistry have found it difficult to apply chemometrics to their work. The mathematics can be intimidating, and many of the techniques use abstract vector spaces which can seem counterintuitive. This has created a "barrier to entry" which has hindered a more rapid and general adoption of chemometric techniques. 

When studying the electrochemical promotion behaviour of catalytic oxidations on metals deposited on YSZ, one always makes the same observation Positive currents, i.e. O2 supply to the catalyst, cause NEMCA (electrophobic behaviour) only for high 02 to fuel (Pa/Pd) ratios in the gas phase. How can we explain this, at a first glance, counterintuitive but general observation ... 

These boundary conditions are really quite marvelous. Equation (9.16) predicts a discontinuity in concentration at the inlet to the reactor so that ain a Q+) if D >0. This may seem counterintuitive until the behavior of a CSTR is recalled. At the inlet to a CSTR, the concentration goes immediately from to The axial dispersion model behaves as a CSTR in the limit as T) — 00. It behaves as a piston flow reactor, which has no inlet discontinuity, when D = 0. For intermediate values of D, an inlet discontinuity in concentrations exists but is intermediate in size. The concentration n(O-l-) results from backmixing between entering material and material downstream in the reactor. For a reactant, a(O-l-) [Pg.332]

The concentration is continuous at the reactor exit for all values of D and this forces the zero-slope condition of Equation (9.17). The zero-slope condition may also seem counterintuitive, but recall that CSTRs behave in the same way. The reaction stops so the concentration stops changing. 

The experimental work described in this chapter clearly demonstrates that chiral asymmetries in the forward-backward distribution of photoelectrons emitted from randomly oriented enantiomers when ionized with circularly polarized light can be spectacularly large (to borrow and apply a superlative from previous accounts of an unprecedented chiral asymmetry)—on the order of 20%. The theory discussed here, as implemented in two computational methods, is fully capable of predicting this and being applied to develop an understanding of a phenomenon that at times displays some counterintuitive properties. Doing so is very much an ongoing quest. 

Self-organization seems to be counterintuitive, since the order that is generated challenges the paradigm of increasing disorder based on the second law of thermodynamics. In statistical thermodynamics, entropy is the number of possible microstates for a macroscopic state. Since, in an ordered state, the number of possible microstates is smaller than for a more disordered state, it follows that a self-organized system has a lower entropy. However, the two need not contradict each other it is possible to reduce the entropy in a part of a system while it increases in another. A few of the system s macroscopic degrees of freedom can become more ordered at the expense of microscopic disorder. This is valid even for isolated, closed systems. Eurthermore, in an open system, the entropy production can be transferred to the environment, so that here even the overall entropy in the entire system can be reduced. 

The experimental results are in complete agreement with the predictions of our computational screening approach the annealed BiPt sample shows enhanced HER activity compared with pure Pt. As mentioned above, this result is rather counterintuitive, given that Bi itself is a notoriously poor electrocatalyst for the HER [Trasatti, 1972]. Hence, it appears that our computational, combinatorial screening procedure is capable of identifying improved catalysts for electrochemical reactions that are not immediately apparent from simple intuitive arguments. 

The distance between the node weights and the input vector calculated in this way is also known as the node s activation level. This terminology is widespread, but counterintuitive, since a high activation level sounds desirable and might suggest a good match, while the reverse is actually the case. 

This change in the behavior of the simulation is counterintuitive. One would expect the introduction of greater uncertainty in the transition rules to increase the entropy of the system, but it has the opposite effect, leading to... 

How could Dawkins have come up with such an extreme and counterintuitive position The source can be found in his analysis of selection. Dawkins (1976) did not introduce the notion of replicators, but he certainly popularized it. Some entities exhibit structures of the sort that deserves to be termed information . Replication is the transmission of this information from one replicator to the next, copies producing copies. In biological evolution, so Dawkins argues, these replicators are genes. He also introduced a second process (environmental interaction) and corresponding entities (vehicles). As Dawkins sees it, the relation between replicators and vehicles is development. Replicators produce the vehicles in which they reside. Vehicles are clumsy robots, totally governed by the replicators that produce them. 

The second chapter by Peter Verveer and Quentin Hanley describes frequency domain FLIM and global analysis. While the frequency domain technique for fluorescence lifetime measurement is sometimes counterintuitive, the majority of the 10 most cited papers using FLIM have taken advantage of the frequency domain method as stated by these authors. The global analysis of lifetime data in the frequency domain, resolving both E and /d has contributed significantly to this advantage. 

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