Countercurrent chromatography applications

Sutherland, LA., Heywood-Waddington, D., and Ito, Y., Countercurrent chromatography Applications to the separation of biopolymers, organelles and cells using either aqueous—organic or aqueous—aqueous phase systems, /. Chromatogr., 384,197-207, 1987. 

W. D. Conway (Ed.), Countercurrent Chromatography apparatus, theory and applications, VCH Publ., New York (1990). 

Schwarz, M. et al.. Application of high-speed countercurrent chromatography to the... 

Jones JJ, Kidwell H, Games DE. 2003. Application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the analysis of barbiturates by high-speed analytical countercurrent chromatography. Rapid Commun Mass Spec-trom 17 1565. 

Schwarz, M. et al.. Application of high-speed countercurrent chromatography to the large-scale isolation of anthocyanins, Biochem. Eng. J., 14, 179, 2003. 

Sutherland, I.A. et al.. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and its versatile application as an industrial purification and production process, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. TechnoL, 21, 279, 1998. 

Degenhardt, A. et al., Preparative isolation of anthocyanins by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and application of the color activity concept to red wine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 5812, 2000. 

Berthod et al. [325] employed countercurrent chromatography with diethyl-hexyl phosphoric acid (DEHPA) reverse micelles in heptane as a stationary phase to extract metaUic cations such as Fa +, Ce, Pr, and Nd + (lanthanide series). This technique was suggested for the application of ion filtering and concentration or for deionization of aqueous phases. Ashrafizadeh et al. [326] re-... 

Application of Countercurrent Chromatography to the Analysis of Reactive Aroma Precursors in Wine. 

Conway, W.D. Countercurrent Chromatography - Apparatus, Theory Applications-, VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1990. 

Various devices have been used for the partition of substances in ATPS systems. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) has again revealed its unique features, because it has enabled the use of such very viscous systems at relatively high flow rates while obtaining a satisfactory efficiency and a good resolution for the separation. Many applications have been described in the literature for the use of ATPS systems with CCC devices. 

These aqueous two-phase solvent systems are more difficult to handle than organic-based solvent systems, so that the number of applications in the literature is quite small as compared to the other systems. However, these applications are really specific, quite often striking in their separation power, and they truly reveal some unique features of countercurrent chromatography. 

Open-column chromatography with silica gel and alumina is not applicable to the fractionation of tanins because of their strong binding to these adsorbents, which induces extensive loss of tannins. Such losses do not occur with countercurrent chromatography, as it does not use a solid stationary phase. Such molecules are very polar, so butanol-based solvent systems can be used. Centrifugal partition chromatography is more adequate in this case, as compared to hydrodynamic CCC, because of the good retention of the stationary phase of a such solvent system. 

A. Marston and K. Hostettmann, Countercurrent chromatography as a preparative tool —Applications and perspectives,/. Chromatogr. 658 315-341 (1994). 

Yang, F.Q. Zhang, T.Y. Zhang, R. Ito, Y. Application of anal)4ical and preparative high-speed countercurrent chromatography for separation of alkaloids from Coptis chinensis Franch. J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 829 (1-2), 137-141. 

Yang, F.Q. Ito, Y. Preparative separation of lappaconitine, ranaconitine, A-deacetyllappaconitine and A-deacetyhana-conitine from crude alkaloids of sample Aconitum sino-montanum Nakai by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 943 (2), 219-225. Marston, A. Hostettmann, K. Countercurrent chromatography as a preparative tool applications and perspectives. J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 658 (2), 315 - 341. 

J. Goupy, J. M. Menet, and D. Thiebaut, Experimental designs applied to countercurrent chromatography Definitions, concepts and applications, in Countercurrent Chromatography (J. M. Menet and D. Thiebaut, eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1999. 

Conway, W.D. Countercurrent Chromatography—Apparatus, Theory, and Applications, VCH New York, 1990. Ito, Y. Conway, W.D. High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography, John Wiley Interscience New York, 1996. 

Tsai, R.-S., Carrupt, P.-A. and Testa, B. (1995). Measurement of Partition Coefficient Using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Method Development and Application to the Determination of Solute Properties. In Modern Countercurrent Chromatography (Conway, WD. and Pet-roski, R.J., eds.), American Chemical Society, New York (NY), pp. 143-154. 

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