Cotton materials

Metal-free cotton material samples were impregnated with standard solutions of iron, copper, and manganese ions containing 10 to 100 )a,g of metal per gram of cotton material. It was completely dried and 1 g of cotton sample was combusted... 

Establishment of the location of microorganisms, that is, whether primarily on the fiber and or on the botanical trash entrained with the fiber, is of practical importance for attempts to remove GNB from cotton materials. This study shows that GNB are more highly concentrated on gross botanical trash found in cotton materials than on cleaned lint or linters. However, since the trash removal procedure involved separation of only those botanical fragments > 50 pm, it may be that some GNB on cleaned fiber are localized on smaller particles still entrained in the lint or linters. 

While data in Tables IV and V show that GNB are more highly concentrated on separated trash than on cleaned lint or linters, it does not follow that removal of all gross trash from cotton materials will produce a material which Involves a lower risk of medical symptoms among those exposed to the dust. Thus for raw cottons In Table IV assuming that 35.7 x 10 GNB occur on all botanical trash [2.8% of sample weight (Table I)] and 0.8 x 10 ... 

Carrier bags PE o o Paper Cotton Material selection depends on desired Prope rty profi le e.g PE-LD-or PE- H D -1 i ke Political application... 

For the dyeing test it is hence necessary to vary the procedure in accordance with the fibre to be dyed and the colour desired. In general, comparative tests are made with a standard alizarin and that under examination, using strips of cotton material (calico) mordanted in different ways, namely ... 

With dyed linen, hemp, ramie and jute materials, there are no such precise standards of fastness as for cotton. In general, however, linen, hemp and ramie products are examined, in the manner described above, by most of the tests indicated for cotton materials. Goods made of jute arc usually only tested to ascertain if they withstand the action of water without losing their colour. 

Old singeing machines are often used which in their time worked acceptably when only pure cotton materials were singed, but which, however are no longer suitable for singeing of newer fibres and their blends. New technologies and techniques have been developed to suit the modem requirements. 

As the cloth or web falls into the liquor from the winch at the back of the machine, it tends to bunch up and lie in a heap for a short time. This is no disadvantage with wool or cotton materials, but tends to cause serious creases in acetate rayons and other thermoplastic fibres. To overcome this a long shallow machine with an elliptical winch has been designed (Fig. 13.24). The elliptical shape of the roller folds the material in wide layers which are free from random creases as it falls into the dye liquor. The... 

Peirce, F. T., Mechanical Testing of Cotton Materials. The Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Cotton Materials, Ibid., 161-82. 

The section on degradation of organics deals with paints, plastics, nylon, wood, and architectural organics. The effects of acid deposition on wood and other cellulosic materials are described. Strength losses in wood may be caused by hydrolytic degradation of the hemicelluloses and a sulfonation reaction of the lignin. Thus, the fibrils and matrix structure is affected. Cotton materials can be affected similarly, and soiling will result. The effect of acid deposition of nylon is indicative of a potentially shorter serviceable lifetime for outdoor fabrics. 

Traditional method In the cotton processing for improving the hydrophilic nature, cotton materials was treated with alkaline... 

Enzymatic methods Many research organizations and scientists are working to improve the environment-friendly processing of cotton fabrics with enzymes. The many enzymes are today available for the removal of Impurities in the cotton fibers. For example, alpha amylase is enzyme used for cotton desizing process, pectlnase for pectin removal in cotton fiber and lipase, and protease for fatty substance removal in the cotton fiber treatments. Typical textile wet processing of cotton materials is shown in Fig. 4.6. 

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