Costs of tests

As the cost of testing vast quantities of equipment would be too great and take too long, qualification tests, particularly on hardware, are usually performed on a small sample. The test levels are varied to take account of design assumptions, variations in production processes and the operating environment. 

Type II Flame arresters acceptable for in-line applications. Type II arresters shall be specifically tested widi the inclnsion of all pipes, tees, bends, cowls, weather hoods, etc., which may be fitted between die arrester and the atmosphere. Owing to the prohibitive cost of testing deflagration flame arresters for each particular installation, the Type II (in-line) category is generally not enconntered. 

If the purchaser is not satisfied with the wire rope service, he or she shall send the properly preserved sample or a sample of the rope from an unused section to any testing laboratory mutually agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer, with instructions to make a complete API test, and notify the manufacturer to have a representative present. If the report indicates compliance with specifications, the purchaser shall assume cost of testing otherwise, the manufacturer shall assume the expense and make satisfactory adjustments not exceeding full purchase price of the rope. If the report indicates noncompliance with specifications, the testing laboratory shall forward a copy of the test report to the manufacturer. 

Clearly, the amount and cost of test article and the length of the study determine which species is most cost efficient. 

This approach is expensive. It is attractive for particularly complex products which cannot be tested in real service conditions, and for those where the consequences of malfunction justify the costs of testing. It applies particularly to safety-critical products in the nuclear industry which could be subjected to abnormally harsh conditions, either for the environmental exposure or the end assessment or both. 

Whatever the other considerations may indicate, it is a simple fact of life that in virtually all trials the selection of properties will be affected by the cost and convenience of the experimental requirements. There are enormous differences between different properties in the cost of test piece preparation, testing time, number and size of test pieces, and apparatus requirements. In accelerated exposures the availability of exposure space is very frequently the limiting factor. 

To plan the tests correctly and economically requires knowledge of the performance of the material at the start. It is easy to select temperatures which lead to failure in times either too short to satisfy the standard, or too long to wait for. Adding a contingency for this adds considerably to the cost of testing. 

Students who demonstrate financial need may receive a refund to help offset the cost of testing. There are also several optional fees that are necessary if you want your scores rushed to you, or if you wish, to receive multiple grade reports. 

In many cases, health insurance plans will cover the costs of genetic testing when it is recommended by a person s doctor. Health insurance providers have different policies about which tests are covered, however. A person interested in submitting the costs of testing may wish to contact his or her insurance company beforehand to ask about coverage. 

Strong support should be given to innovative ideas for modeling and tests on lower-order surrogate species that help to reduce the cost of tests for potential adverse environmental health effects on humans or shorten the response time needed to obtain that information. 

During the same period, NIST (the National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standards) reported that the cost of nondiagnostic medical tests in the United States at the end of the 1990s was 36 billion, about one-third of the total cost of testing. Not all these tests are chemical, and so not all the retests would have been a result of poor quality in a laboratory, but the figure is very large (U.S. Senate 2001). 

This legislation will have an impact on the surfactant industry. There will be an extra cost of testing, an increase in work load to compile the dossiers which will put up costs and there will be cases where the product will be removed from the market place as it will no longer be commercially viable. 

The estimated cost of testing as shown below will put a disproportionate burden on the small and medium enterprise surfactant manufacturers where the tonnages may be in the 100-1000 tonne band but where the selling price for some of the products is in the 600- 800 per tonne range and the profit margins on these products as low as 80-120 per tonne. 

Biotinidase deficiency met most of the criteria for inclusion in a neonatal screening program, such as ease and efficacy of treatment, frequency of the disorder, and the relatively low cost of testing. Therefore, a simple colorimetric method to determine biotinidase activity using the same soaked filter-paper blood... 

Babu, P. G., Saraswathi, N. K., Vaidyanathan, H., and John, T. J. (1993). Reduction of the cost of testing for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, without losing sensitivity, by pooling sera. Indian Journal of Medical Research Section A-Infectious Diseases, 97, 1-3. 

Besides these large companies, which offer a range of additives as extensive as possible, if only to recoup research expenses and the high cost of tests required to obtain approval of the packages, there are a number of chemical companies that have also established a foothold in the market of lube oil specialties. Their reason for doing so was that they had acquired know-how in the chemical sector leading to the products marketed. 

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