Cost, viii

In past years, treatment for patients with hemophilia A has consisted of administration of cryoprecipitates (enriched in factor VIII) prepared from individual donors or lyophilized factor VIII concentrates prepared from plasma pools of up to 5000 donors. It is now possible to prepare factor Vlll by recombinant DNA technology. Such preparations are free of contaminating viruses (eg, hepatitis A, B, G, or HlV-1) found in human plasma but are at present expensive their use may increase if cost of production decreases. 

The individual responsiveness to desmopressin is consistent, and a test dose administered at the time of diagnosis or prior to therapy is the best predictor of response. Generally, DDAVP is more effective in vWD than in hemophilia patients, with an average 30% to 50% increase in vWF and factor VIII levels. In patients with an adequate response, desmopressin is first-line therapy because it allows for once-daily administration (elevates plasma levels for 8-10 hours), does not pose a threat in terms of viral transmission, and the cost is substantially less than that of the plasma-derived products. Fibrinolysis inhibitors (50-60 mg/kg of aminocapriotic acid every 4—6 hours or trenex-amic acid 10-15 mg/kg every 8-12 hours) and OCs are used successfully in the management of epistaxis and menorrhagia or as adjuvant treatments. 

The benefits of TES include [2] (i) reduced energy costs, (ii) reduced energy consumption, (iii) improved indoor air quality, (iv) increased flexibility of operation, (v) reduced initial and maintenance costs, (vi) reduced equipment size, (vii) more efficient and effective utilization of equipment, (viii) conservation of fossil fuels, and (viii) reduced pollutant emissions. 

Transmetallation of aiyl halide (VIII) with n-butyl lithium and treating it with readily available and inexpensive 3-ethoxycyclohexen-l-one followed by acid work-up would provide enone (XI) (Scheme 8). Enone (XI) can be then aromatized to phenol (X) or any other biaryl alkyl ether. By using this protocol, 3-ethoxycyclohexen-l-one is a synthon for 3-hydroxyphenyl boronic acid. The bulk price of 3-ethoxycyclohexen-l-one is 85/kg compared to 3500 for the boronic acid, thereby significantly reducing the cost to prepare biaryl (X). 

E Role in therapy Antihemophilic factor is indicated for the treatment of bleeding episodes or perioperative treatment in patients with hemophilia A. Prophylactic use has also been advocated for the prevention and/or reduction of bleeding episodes. The largest issue in treatment with antihemophilic factor is the choice of formulations because of the relative risk of viral transmission. Recombinant factor VIII has the lowest risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses, but its use may be limited due to cost and availability. 

Effect of Feed and Value of By-Products on Production Costs. The ethylene production costs for the six feedstocks considered and the relevant by-product dispositions are shown in Tables VII and VIII. 

Another point to emphasize is that the economics presented in Tables VII and VIII are ideal, i.e., they do not reflect start-up and sales expenses, possible production delays, and other factors which would increase the cost of making ethylene above the figures shown. 

The ethylene production cost for a 1000 MM lb/yr plant is 2.5 /lb (this figure also appears in the European naphtha column of Table VIII). For a 20% increase in capacity to 1200 MM lb/yr, the ethylene production cost drops to about 2.4 /lb. For a decrease in capacity of 60% from 1000 to 400 MM lb/yr, the production cost increases by almost 30% to 3.2 /lb. Table X shows that the advantages of scale diminish drastically as capacity is increased. By way of example, the decrease in production cost going from 400 to 700 MM lb/yr is about 0.5 /lb C2 the next 300 MM lb/yr increment (to a 1000 MM lb/yr) brings only a 0.2 /lb. reduction in production costs. 

A question that arises in connection with distillation processes is How does a vapor-compression process compare with a multiple-effect evaporation process on the basis solely of energy cost This is readily answered as follows. The work of compression as kilowatt-hours per 1000 gallons is given by a specific form of Equation VIII. 134... 

With the introduction of the two-stage vapor-phase operation in 1935, the WS2 catalyst was used at first as a prehydrogenation catalyst. The cost of this catalyst and the properties shown in Table VIII were the reasons for the development of other prehydrogenation catalysts. The data in Table VIII were derived from experiments for the prehydrogenation of bituminous-coal middle oil at 250 atm. hydrogen pressure and a throughput of 0.8 kg. of feed/liter of catalyst. 

Could R-l-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (R-amine, VIII) be sourced at low enough cost ... 

Raw Materials Sourcing. There was relatively little problem in sourcing 5-bromoacetylsalicylamide (in-house) or dibenzoyl-(+)-tartaric acid (large tonnage Italian source). Although RS-l-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine was available at low cost ( 10-12/kg) in tonnage quantities (Germany and Holland) no supplier of the R-amine VIII was known. 

Although the above commercial process succeeded in providing R-l-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (VIII) for significantly less than 100/kg several other companies carried out research to find even lower cost processes based on the RS raw material. A few of these processes will be described later. 

Table VIII. Reduction in Materials, Energy, and Cost by Reuse of Dyebaths in Carpet Dyeing...

The estimated cost for a medium size (ten beck) carpet mill to convert 50% of dyeing capacity to the dyebath reuse system is shown in Table X. The calculation assumes the purchase of new equipment with a separate holding tank and pumping system for each of the five becks. At an estimated savings of one cent per pound of carpet dyed (considerably less than indicated in the Table VIII cost analysis and therefore conservative) the recovery of capital investment is still less than one year. 

The high cost and toxicity of cobalt compounds has prompted a search for alternative materials that intercalate lithium ions. Examples of these are LiMn204 [iv], LiCoo.2Nio.8O2. LiNio.5Mni.504 [v], LiNio.5Mno.5O2 [vi], LiFeP04 [vii], Lix VO [viii], and LixMrVOz (M = Ca, Cu) [ix], etc. 

In Section VII we describe how expressions for geometrical derivatives of molecular properties may be derived using the formalism developed for energy derivatives. We also discuss alternative definitions that may be used to determine geometrical derivatives of molecular properties for wave functions which do not satisfy the Hellmann-Feynman relationship for the property in question. Finally, in Section VIII we describe how translational and rotational symmetries may be used to reduce the cost of derivative calculations. 

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