Cost-effective rectifier

Rectifiers Generally employed power supply systems are rectifiers, with occasionally solar power use. The most cost effective rectifiers seeing service are oil immersed units employing 110/220 V A.C. input. Aluminum cases have been used. 

The unsatisfactory nature of the current situation has been recognised for many years, but efforts to rectify it have encountered many technical challenges which could not be overcome with the available personnel and financial resources. Recent advances in computing hardware and software have led to new approaches and the development of cost-effective solutions. 

Unless, of course, the costs could be paid by insurance. This might be feasible for some effects, but not for really large scale ones the whole insurance industry would be put out of business. Thus Ford were condemned in the 1960s for calculating that the costs in terms of deaths and injuries caused by a faulty model were less than the costs of rectifying the fault (the fuel tanks exploded in crashes at over 23 miles per hour) (Dowie, 1977). 

Further chapters cover in detail the characteristics and applications of galvanic anodes and of cathodic protection rectifiers, including specialized instruments for stray current protection and impressed current anodes. The fields of application discussed are buried pipelines storage tanks tank farms telephone, power and gas-pressurized cables ships harbor installations and the internal protection of water tanks and industrial plants. A separate chapter deals with the problems of high-tension effects on pipelines and cables. A study of costs and economic factors concludes the discussion. The appendix contains those tables and mathematical derivations which appeared appropriate for practical purposes and for rounding off the subject. 

All protection measures must be checked and monitored at regular intervals to guarantee their effectiveness. To keep the labor cost as low as possible, the time interval between inspections should be as long as possible. This requires that the components of the installation, such as transformer-rectifiers, which can often fail... 

Cathodic protection is used widely for the protection of submerged steel in waterfront structures. It also can provide considerable benefit in the intertidal zone and can even reduce the usually high corrosion rate experienced at the boundary between the intertidal zone and the splash and spray zone. Cathodic protection also is used to prevent corrosion of the soil side of steel in marine structures such as sheet steel bulkheads. Cathodic protection also is effective in the control of the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete in all exposure zones in waterfiont structures. Particularly for impressed current systems, it is important to select materials for the cathodic protection system components such as rectifiers and junction boxes with consideration of the environment to which they will be exposed. When considering cathodic protection, periodic inspection and maintenance is required for proper system operation. The costs for inspection and maintenance must be considered in the overall cost of cathodic protection. While there are no specific standards for cathodic protection of piers and docks, information in NACE RP0176 (Corrosion Control of Fixed Offshore Platforms Associated with Petroleum Production) and NACE RP-0187 (Design Considerations for Corrosion Control of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete) contain information that is applicable to marine piers and docks. 

Effect on the manufacturer s business. It must not be forgotten that we exist in a commercial world. The effect of microbial contamination on product quality can severely damage a manufacturer s reputation in the market to the extent that they may lose the business in part or totally, or even suffer high financial claims for the end-user s losses, which may be settled in or out of court. All this can lead to interrupted work in production, additional time which must be put in to rectify the quality incident and disposal costs. Unwanted microorganisms are expensive ... 

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