Cost and dangers

The ability to innovate also involves learning from past mistakes, not just one s own. Mistakes and errors in practices can be both costly and dangerous but can be prevented from occurring successively if their causes are determined. This can be difficult because a near-miss scenario can be seen either as an infrequent event or as an averted disaster. The first reaction to this is usually to continue without changing current practices, allowing for similar mistakes to occur. Learning requires all levels of an organization to participate and create channels of communication to innovate effectively, as the inability to share experience denies new opportunities [13,29-40]. 

In the new technique developed at PicArsn by R.P.Kiley, C. Stephens J.H. Veltman under the direction of Dr. J.P. Picard, the entire process is conducted in a water slurry which renders the operation less costly and dangerous than the older method. The manuf of combustible cartridges by this process is practically a one-step operation(Ref 27). Detailed description of new method is given in Refs 28 29... 

The method of collection of urine and its working up into animoniacal compounds has been carried on at Paris and at Nancy. In 1909 France obtained 13,000 tons of ammonium sulphate therefrom, 10,000 lieing obtained in Paris alone. However, the collection and utilisation of animal excrement is so nauseous and costly and dangerous a process, that the bulk of the enormous ammonium supplies producible from this source are run to waste. 

S. Selection of chemical processing materials which are not prone to irradiation damage and do not have objectionable corrosion properties. This latter point is very important since servicing, inspection, and replacement of plant equipment containing high levels of radioactivity is a very costly and dangerous procedure. 

Corrosion is both costly and dangerous. Billions of dollars are spent annually for the replacement of corroded structures, machinery, and components, including metal roofing, condenser tubes, pipelines, and many other items. In addition to replacement costs are those associated with maintenance to prevent corrosion, inspections, and the upkeep of cathodically protected structures and pipelines. Indirect costs of corrosion result from shutdown, loss of efficiency, and product contamination or loss. 

Moreover, since the system was intrinsically unable to be known to be trustworthy, the United States would not give up its nuclear weapons. In turn, the Soviet Union, not sure that the United States system would not work, would launch a major effort to come up with new offensive weapons that could not be defeated by the system. This in turn would prompt the United States to develop a new round of weapons of its own to defeat its enemy s new weapons. For this reason, Parnas believed SDI risked triggering a costly and dangerous new arms spiral. ... 

Phtha/k anhydride is the most important type of dibasic acid derivative ki alkyd preparation because of its low cost and the excellent overall properties it imparts to the reski. The anhydride stmcture allows a fast esterification to form half-esters at relatively low reaction temperatures without hberatkig water, thereby avoiding the danger of excessive foaming ki the reactor. However, skice the two carboxyl groups of phthaUc anhydride are ki the ortho position to each other on the benzene ring, cycHc stmctures may and do occur ki the reski molecules. 

In work places, T-R units should be installed where there is no danger of explosion, since explosion-proof measures are very costly and units in such installations are difficult to service and maintain. It is more convenient to bear the... 

The copolymers have been used in the manufacture of extruded pipe, moulded fittings and for other items of chemical plant. They are, however, rarely used in Europe for this purpose because of cost and the low maximum service temperature. Processing conditions are adjusted to give a high amount of crystallinity, for example by the use of moulds at about 90°C. Heated parts of injection cylinders and extruder barrels which come into contact with the molten polymer should be made of special materials which do not cause decomposition of the polymer. Iron, steel and copper must be avoided. The danger of thermal decomposition may be reduced by streamlining the interior of the cylinder or barrel to avoid dead-spots and by careful temperature control. Steam heating is frequently employed. 

Forget to install safety cutouts, for overload and ambient changes - ice damage can be disastrous (Figure 34.15). Allow corrosion to develop - metal failure can be costly and, at times, dangerous (Figure 34.16). 

Under no circumstances should refrigerant be added to a leaking circuit without first making a repair. The one exception to this rule may be a continuous process plant, where the cost of a shut-down may override the cost and inherent danger of a small continuous leak. 

The need to balance costs against benefits both in the public and private sectors resulted in a search for methods of predicting the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment. Actual field testing of all cases of interest is both too costly and too dangerous to perform. Mathematical models, therefore, have been developed to provide descriptive tools and predictive approaches to this problem. At the symposium on which this book is based, a collection of user-oriented information was presented and covered the following aspects of environmental fate modeling ... 

Many of these disadvantages may be overcome by modifications to the design, although these increase the cost, and often an indirectly heated dryer may prove to be more economical. This is especially the case when thermal efficiency, solvent recovery or maximum cleanliness is of paramount importance and, with indirectly heated dryers, there is always the danger of overheating the product, since the heat is transferred through the material itself. 

Abstract- Not all sites can be remediated by phytoremediation techniques. Sometimes, more conventional methods have to be used. This paper explores some of the decision-making process, and the techniques and costs involved in dealing with high toxicity and dangerous sites. 

---