Cortical network

Now we need to tie the priming with its residual activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neuronal networks to the emergence, in REM, of a reactivation of those networks. I propose that the residual activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is amplified by the REM activation of these other cortical networks that produce dream bizarreness via the associative resonance that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been primed to detect. And indeed, the dawning awareness that this must be a dream feels, subjectively, like a positive feedback process. Once the recognition has been inserted into delusional process it is enhanced by the mounting evidence of delusion that it observes ... 

Montgomery E. B. Dynamically Coupled, High-Frequency Reentrant, Non-linear Oscillators Embedded in Scale-Free Basal Ganglia-Thalamic-Cortical Networks Mediating Function and Deep Brain Stimulation Effects. Nonlinear Stud, 2004, 22, 385-421. 

Uhlhaas PJ, Haenschel C, Nikolic D, Singer W. 2008. The role of oscillations and synchrony in cortical networks and their putative relevance for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 34(5) 927-943. 

Bertolino A, Esposito G, Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Van Horn JD, et al. 2000b. Specific relationship between prefrontal neuronal N-acetylaspartate and activation of the working memory cortical network in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157 26-33. 

Gulsuner S, Walsh T, Watts AC (2013) Spatial and temporal mapping of de novo mutations in schizophrenia to a fetal prefrontal cortical network. Cell 154 518-529... 

Fig. 1 Theoretical proposed representation of the signal to noise in the cortical networks as affected by propranolol, based upon the findings of Hasselmo et al (1997) on the effects of norepinephrine in the cortex. Black arrows indicate a greater response to the most dominant signal input, such as representation of an attended stimulus, which may be suppressed by noradrenergic blockade. White arrows indicate the response to nondominant signal input, such as intrinsic or associative fiber inputs, the noise in the model, which may increase with noradrenergic blockade, proposed to be how problems without an immediately accessible answer may be solved more readily in this condition or how patients with impaired flexibility of network access may benefit in a more general manner in this condition.

Destexhe, A. A. Babloyantz. 1991. Pacemaker-induced coherence in cortical networks. Neural Computation 3 145-54. 

Contraction in amoeboid cells makes use of nonmuscle forms of myosin type II whieh form bipolar thiek filaments in the cytoplasm and in association with the actin filaments [23, 54]. In Dictyostelium, actin filaments form a eortieal shell directly under the plasma membrane, with random orientation of the filaments [132]. Activation of myosin contractile activity by phosphorylation of the myosin light ehain protein results in contraction of the cortical network [54, 110], It is unclear whether this contraetion is uniform throughout the eell or whether there is spatial regulation of the activity. In polarized motile Dictyostelium cells, myosin is concentrated at the rear of the cell [31], which could maintain the polarization, while a myosin heavy chain kinase (which phosphorylates the myosin heavy chain protein and inhibits thick filament formation), is localized at the front of the cell. 

Minciacchi D, Del Tongo C, Carretta D et al (2010) Alterations of the cortico-cortical network in sensori-motor areas of dystrophin deficient mice. Neiu-osdence 166 1129-1139... 

Since the neurons targeted by whole-cell patch clamp recording were also filled with biocytin (0.2 %) we were also able to identify the shape and position of these P -GFP neurons within the cortical network. We used streptavidin conjugated to a red fluorescent probe (Alexa 568). Streptavidin reacts directly with biotin (biocytin) within the filled neuron, labeling only the filled neuron in the red fluorescence channel of the wide-field microscope. Typically we obtained recovery percentages of 80-100 % of neurons using the protocol below. 

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