Corrosion United Kingdom

Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States shared ahke in the early development of stainless steels. In the United Kingdom in 1912, during the search for steel that would resist fouling in gun barrels, a corrosion-resistant composition containing 12.8% chromium and 0.24% carbon was reported. It was suggested that this composition be used for cutiery. In fact, the composition of AISI Type 420 steel (12—14% chromium, 0.15% carbon) is similar to that of the first corrosion-resistant steel. 

Hydrofining has been applied to Varsols and various other solvents for the control of odor, sulfur, and corrosion characteristics. For example. Hydrofining of Iranian and Kuwait distillates demonstrated its effectiveness as a means of producing "White Spirit", a high-quality solvent naphtha distributed in the United Kingdom. 

The corrosion curves in Fig. 3.4 were obtained some years ago. Corrosion is markedly influenced by the pattern of pollution, which is changing in the United Kingdom, and consequently the long-term corrosion rates may change. There is some evidence based on more recent tests to indicate that in many industrial environments the corrosion rate of steel over periods of 15 years will drop to a greater extent than is shown in Fig. 3.4. 

Traditionally, ethanol has been made from ethylene by sulfation followed by hydrolysis of the ethyl sulfate so produced. This type of process has the disadvantages of severe corrosion problems, the requirement for sulfuric acid reconcentration, and loss of yield caused by ethyl ether formation. Recently a successful direct catalytic hydration of ethylene has been accomplished on a commercial scale. This process, developed by Veba-Chemie in Germany, uses a fixed bed catalytic reaction system. Although direct hydration plants have been operated by Shell Chemical and Texas Eastman, Veba claims technical and economic superiority because of new catalyst developments. Because of its economic superiority, it is now replacing the sulfuric acid based process and has been licensed to British Petroleum in the United Kingdom, Publicker Industries in the United States, and others. By including ethanol dehydrogenation facilities, Veba claims that acetaldehyde can be produced indirectly from ethylene by this combined process at costs competitive with the catalytic oxidation of ethylene. 

Janaway, R. C. and Scott, B. (Eds.) (1989). Evidence preserved in corrosion products New fields in artifact studies, United Kingdom Institute for Conservation Occasional Paper Number 8, London. 

In the United Kingdom both commercial and military ammunition used primers that were both mercuric and corrosive, until the gradual changeover to NCNM primers which was completed during the mid-1950s and early 1960s. 

Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester PO Box 88, Manchester M60 IQD, United Kingdom... 

Skin tissues isolated from rats, rabbits, and humans have been monitored in vitro to predict penetration and irritation. The rat epidermal slice technique has been validated as a screen for corrosive substances. The electrical impedance changes as the integrity of the stratum corneum is altered. The use of this technique to predict irritancy is being investigated in the United Kingdom. Another method studies enzyme changes when a substance is applied to a slice whose lower surface is bathed in culture medium. Enzyme changes separate irritant and nonirritant chemicals. 

Corrosion and Protection Center University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology Manchester M601QD United Kingdom... 

Studies on the cost of corrosion have drawn the attention of several countries, namely, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Kuwait, Germany, Finland, Sweden, India, and China. The studies have ranged... 

The committee summarized the findings as follows We conservatively estimate the cost of corrosion in the United Kingdom as 1365 million per annum which amounts to 3.5% of the GNP in the year 1970. We believe that a saving of approximately 310 million per annum could be achieved with better use of current knowledge and techniques. The estimated savings represent approximately 20-25% of the total national corrosion costs. 

The studies reveal that the corrosion costs are substantial, but not higher than expected on the basis of consideration of annual expenditures for corrosion protection technologies. The annual expenditures in United Kingdom on protective coatings, including the cost of application, were estimated to be 772 million. Further, nearly 620 million were estimated for annual expenditures on corrosion-resistant austenitic stainless steels and nonferrous alloys. It was noted that these costs were not incurred solely for the purpose of corrosion resistance. 

TABLE 2.11 Corrosion Costs in Farming in the United Kingdom... 

Corrosion costs in the well-known old sector, namely, farming in the United Kingdom amount to 1.6% of the investment as evidenced by the data given in Table 2.11. 

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