Corrosion Australia

Regulatory ADR/RID, IMO/IMDG, OACI/IATA Corrosive Australia AlCS Canada DSL China lECS Korea ECL Philippines PiCCS Properties Wh./beige solid si. ammonia odor disp. in water 80 C sol. in org. 

Estimates were made by Uhlig in the USA. Worner in Australia, and Vernon in the UK, in which the cost of protection and prevention were added to the cost of deterioration due to corrosion. These early estimates were made by individual scientists from cost information from new major industries scaled up to a national level, and were of the order of 1-1.5% of GNP. More detailed estimates were subsequently made by the Committee on Corrosion and Protection (the Hoar Committee) in the UK, and Payer etal. for the National Bureau of Standards in the USA. The later estimates were around 3.5-4% of GNP, the higher figure reflected factors not covered in the earlier surveys, which were, moreover, based on organisations which had probably already taken action to minimise their corrosion costs. Estimates have since been made for other European countries which tend to confirm the higher figure. 

Though the element was discovered in 1789 it was not prepd in the pure state until 1914. It may be prepd commercially by the reaction of zirconium chloride with magnesium (the Kroll process) and other methods. The principle ore is zircon, deposits of which are found in the USA, Australia and Brazil. A number of special properties, such as exceptional resistance to corrosion and a low absorption cross section, have led to the use of Zr or alloys contg Zr, in many... 

R. R. M. Johnston, ed., Corrosion Technology in the Seventies, 12th Annual Conference of the Australiasian Corrosion Association, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 1972. 

Kjelleberg, S., Signal mediated bacterial colonization, Abstract 10th International Symposium on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Melbourne, Australia, 1999. 

It is evident from the data presented on the economics of corrosion that corrosion costs amount to about 2-4% of GNP, and about 25% of the costs are avoidable by adopting corrosion control measures. The measures taken to combat corrosion in UK, USA, Australia, China and Canada have been discussed.18 The following is a short summary of the activities in various parts of the world to combat corrosion. 

The long-term atmospheric corrosion tests conducted in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Japan, Latin America, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Scandinavia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, UK and USA along with the number of... 

B.R.W. Hinton, P.N. Trathen, L. Wilson, N.E. Ryan, Proc. 28th Australasian Corrosion Association Conference, Perth, Australia, Nov. 1988. 

Diphoterine is a product for chemical spatters on the eye and skin. Prevor Laboratory in France manufactures this odorless, colorless liquid dispensed as an eye wash or skin decontamination spray. It is composed of an aqueous solution to wash many chemical families and pull hydrophilic chemical agents away from the surface of tissues, an amphoteric solution that acts on acids and bases and restores the tissue physiological pH, and a hypertonic solution that stops penetration of corrosive chemicals into tissues. The pH is slightly alkaline (pH 1.2-1.1) and is sterile. Although not classified as such in the USA, it is classified as a medical device in Europe, Canada, Australia, and Brazil (www.prevor.com). 

Black, A.L., Properties of Bonded MoS, Coatings with Special Reference to Corrosion Resistance with Particular Reference to Fasteners, Seventeenth Annual Conference, Australasian Corrosion Association, Corrosion and the Mining Industry, Newcastle, Australia, (13-18 Nov. 1977). 

Deacon, G.B., Forsyth, M., Junk, RC., and Leeb, W.W. (2008) From chromates to rare earth carboxylates a greener take on corrosion inhibition. Chemistry in Australia, 75 (9), 18-21. 

World mine production of zinc is 9 Mt, with almost all of it derived from sphalerite [(Zn,Fe)S], which is also the principal primary source of cadmium and several other metals, such as germanium and indium. China and Australia are the largest producers, but several other countries mine significant amounts. About half of the annual consumption is for the manufacture of galvanized products to resist corrosion, primarily in the automotive and construction industries. 

L. Kwiatkowski, A. Sadkowski, A. Kozlowski, and J. Flis, Proceedings of the Australasian Corrosion Association Conference 28, Vol. 2, Perth Western, Australia (1988) pp. 7-12. 

Acihib. [ICI Australia] Amine deriv. corrosion control in HCl, sulfuric, phosphoric, and other ac add le-strainor. 

ThermocalB. [IQ Australia] Corrosion inhibiting heat transfer fluid fix irtdus-trial cotding and refrigeration systems and moderate high temp, heat exdumge systems. 

Road and rail transport of chemicals in Australia is covered by the Australian Dangerous Goods Code (ADG Code) which corresponds with the UN transportation recommendations. The criteria used for the Australian user classification and labelling scheme closely parallel those of the EC, except for corrosives and physico-chemical hazards which are in accordance with the AE)G Code. However, there is as yet no classification of dangerous for the environment . 

Proc. Corrosion and Prevention 94, Glenelg, South Australia, 1994. 

Studies on the cost of corrosion have drawn the attention of several countries, namely, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Kuwait, Germany, Finland, Sweden, India, and China. The studies have ranged... 

Since the 1950s, many countries have attempted to assess their national corrosion costs. In 1973, R.W. Revie and H.H. Uhlig estimated that the direct losses to the Australian economy caused by corrosion (7) were in the order of A 470 million, which was equivalent to 1.5% of the GNP for Australia in 1973. However, no element for indirect losses caused by corrosion was included. Revie and Uhlig believed that the indirect losses were high, but not easily estimated. Since indirect costs may equal or exceed the direct costs, total corrosion costs to Australia could have been estimated to be about 3% of GNP in 1973. Assessments of uncertainties or a separation of costs into avoidable and unavoidable components were not quantified. 

The 1973 estimate of A 470 million was noted to be about double the 1955 estimate of 240 million made by Worner (8) and was further compared with an estimate of the annual cost of corrosion to Australia of 900 million published in 1972 by E.C. Potter in 1972. Potter (9) used a published estimate of corrosion costs to Great Britain (2) equal to 3.5% of GNP and included corrections relevant to Australia to arrive at A 900 million corrosion costs. Potter s cost estimate is higher than that of Revie and Uhlig because some elements for the indirect costs of corrosion were included in the Potter report. 

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