Cormorant

Thus, as with studies on the double-crested cormorant in the Great Lakes (see Chapter 16 in Walker et al. 2006), there is evidence of a continuing (although reduced) effect of p,p -DDE on reproductive success even after environmental levels had fallen and eggshell thinning was much less. This raises the possibility that p,p -DDE may have had toxic effects other than eggshell thinning on these species (Nisbet 1989). There is the further complication that other OCs such as PCBs, dieldrin, and hep-tachlor epoxide were present in the same samples and may have had toxic effects. 

Some deaths of cormorants in the field in Holland were attributed to PCB poisoning on more substantial evidence than was available in the foregoing incident (Koeman 1972 Walker 1990a). Birds found dead had mean liver and brain levels of 319 and 190 ppm, respectively, which are not very different from those found in experimentally poisoned individuals. 

Ludwig, J.P., Kurita-Matsuba, H.J., and Auman, M.E. et al. (1996). Deformities, PCDDs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants and Caspian terns of the Upper Great Lakes 1986-1991 testing a cause-effect hypothesis. Journal of Great Lakes Research 22, 172-197. 

Tillett, D.E.G., Ankley, D.T., and Giesy, J.R et al. (1992). PCB residues and egg mortality in double crested cormorants from the Great Lakes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11, 1281-1288. 

More recently, Henry et al. (2002) have applied this same profile approach to dorrble-crested cormorants, snowy egrets, and black-crowned night herons from the Carson River system, demonstrating its across-species applicability. Hermy and coworkers expanded the profile to include histopathological parameters. 

Burger J, Gochfeld M. 2001. Metal levels in feathers of cormorants, flamingos and gulls from the coast of Namibia in southern Africa. Environ Monit Assess 69 195-203. 

Henny CJ, Blus LJ, Thompson SP, Wilson UW. 1989. Environmental contaminants, human disturbances and nesting of double-crested cormorants in northwestern Washington (USA). Colon Waterbirds 12 198-206. 

Henny CJ, Hill EF, Hoffman DJ, Spalding MG, Grove RA. 2002. Nineteenth century mercury hazard to wading birds and cormorants of the Carson River, Nevada. Ecotoxicology 11 213-231. 

Mason CF, Ekins G, Ratford JR. 1997. PCB congeners, DDE, dieldrin and mercury in eggs from an expanding colony of cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo). Chemosphere 34 1845-1849. 

Sepulveda MS, Poppenga RH, Arrecis JJ, Quinn LB. 1998. Mercury and selenium concentrations in free-ranging in tissues from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from southern Florida. Colonial Waterbirds 2T35M2. 

White-necked cormorant, Phaiacrocorax carbo liver vs. kidney Lesser flamingo, Phoeniconaias minor 0.05 FW VS. 0.25 FW 94... 

Blue eyed cormorant, Phalacrocorax atriceps, muscle 10 DW 67... 

Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo England 1992-93 eggs that 2.6 (1.4-7.7) DW 116... 

Blue eyed cormorant, Phalocrocorax atriceps-, muscle South giant petrel, Macronectes giganteus muscle Redhead, Aythya americana, Texas and Louisiana liver winter 1987-88... 

Common cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo Japan, 1993 liver total chlordanes Lake Biwa Adults 54 (16-98) FW 102... 

Guruge, K.S., S. Tanabe, M. Fukuda, S. Yamagishi, and R. Tatsukawa. 1997. Accumulation pattern of persistent organochlorine residues in common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34 186-193. 

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