Copper-steel composite

Using laser and/or electron beam welding, components can be produced that combine the (targeted) properties of material (e.g., a mold steel and a highly heat conductive copper base) where needed. This allows many previously structurally desirable but not technically feasible applications of copper-steel composite components. Figure 3.17 shows an injection molding nozzle on which the highly stressed tip and the thread were manufactured from a Co-base alloy. 

Aluminum drillpipe is generally made of 2014 type aluminum-copper alloy. Composition of this alloy is 0.50 to 1.20% silicon, 1.00% iron maximum, 3.90 to 5.0% copper, 0.40 to 1.20% manganese, 0.25% zinc maximum and 0.05% titanium. The alloy is heat treated to T6 conditions that represent 64 ksi tensile strength, 58 Ksi yield strength, 7% elongation and a Hbn of 135- Aluminum drillpipe generally comes with steel tool joints that are threaded on to ensure maximum strength that cannot be attained with aluminum joints. 

The corrosion rate depends upon the steel composition surface condition and the angle of exposure. Increase in carbon, manganese and silicon content of the steel results in decrease in corrosion rate although if manganese is present as sulfide as in free-machining steels, corrosion resistance decreases. The presence of copper increases the corrosion resistance. 

The stainless steel composite system reported herein appears to offer all the features of a typical advanced fiber system. Moreover, if used as a structural containment for copper or copper matrix superconducting field winding, it offers an excellent match with the expansion properties. As with most of the advanced fiber systems, its fatigue characteristics are not known and require additional investigation. The present application, i.e., reinforcement of the copper electrothermal shield, does not require an extended life, as the generator will only be run for a short testing period. 

Composition Limits of Tool Steels Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons Composition Limits of Ductile Irons Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Resulfuiized Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels Composition of Stainless Steels Copper Alloys... 

For final disposal various container concepts have been developed in accordance with the concept of final repositories. The most advanced concept exists in Sweden [12]. After storage in the CLAB facility for about 40 years, the spent fuel will be loaded in an encapsulation facility into a copper canister. There are various design concepts for this canister for final disposal. As a basic design in the KBS-3-report [13] a 80 cm diameter and 4.5 m long copper canister for 9 BWR - or 2 PWR-and 4 BWR-assemblies has been proposed. To withstand outside hydrostatic pressure and pressure from backfill material the interior space of the container was intended to be filled with copper powder or molten lead. In the meantime various alternative container concepts have been proposed. A composite copper-steel canister was selected as the prime canister alternative [14]. The design of the corresponding encapsulation facility at the CLAB site has not yet been completed. 

Fluorine cannot be prepared directly by chemical methods. It is prepared in the laboratory and on an industrial scale by electrolysis. Two methods are employed (a) using fused potassium hydrogen-fluoride, KHFj, ill a cell heated electrically to 520-570 K or (b) using fused electrolyte, of composition KF HF = 1 2, in a cell at 340-370 K which can be electrically or steam heated. Moissan, who first isolated fluorine in 1886, used a method very similar to (b) and it is this process which is commonly used in the laboratory and on an industrial scale today. There have been many cell designs but the cell is usually made from steel, or a copper-nickel alloy ( Monel metal). Steel or copper cathodes and specially made amorphous carbon anodes (to minimise attack by fluorine) are used. Hydrogen is formed at the cathode and fluorine at the anode, and the hydrogen fluoride content of the fused electrolyte is maintained by passing in... 

The physical and mechanical properties of steel depend on its microstmcture, that is, the nature, distribution, and amounts of its metaHographic constituents as distinct from its chemical composition. The amount and distribution of iron and iron carbide determine most of the properties, although most plain carbon steels also contain manganese, siUcon, phosphoms, sulfur, oxygen, and traces of nitrogen, hydrogen, and other chemical elements such as aluminum and copper. These elements may modify, to a certain extent, the main effects of iron and iron carbide, but the influence of iron carbide always predominates. This is tme even of medium alloy steels, which may contain considerable amounts of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. 

Steel, copper, and brass fiber may have a variety of aspect ratios, shape, ie, straight versus curved fibers and cross-sectional geometry, surface roughness, and chemical compositions. Fibers having tight specifications in terms of cleanliness, chemical composition, and aspect ratio ate necessary. The fibers are usually machined from larger metallic forms. 

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