Copper-gallium

Albin, D. Noufi, R. Tuttle, J. Goral, J. Risbud, S. H. 1988. Composition-structure relationships for multisource evaporated copper gallium selenide (CuGaSe2) thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 64 4903 1908. 

The action of alkyl halides on elemental germanium in the presence of a copper/gallium catalyst leads to the simultaneous preparation of several or all of the above-mentioned organogermanium halides248 ... 

A number of companies are currently involved in thin-fllm photovoltaics [17], and low-cost multilayer thin-fllm amorphous silicon and CdTe (cadmium telluride) systems have already been installed in large numbers with efficiencies of the order of 10% and of about 80% output after 25 years of operation. Large-scale plants have been announced for the so-called CIS (cadmium indium selenide) and CGIS (copper gallium indium diselenide), technologies with production efficiencies in the range 12-13% and laboratory measurements up to 19.9% [18]. 

Mesocestoides corti concentrate a variety of cations - chromium, copper, gallium, indium, thallium, zinc and zirconium - into calcareous corpuscles in vitro (36). 

ClsCuGa2 (g) CuGa2 U (9) Copper Gallium Chloride Cl8CuGa2 (g) CuGa2Cl8 (9)... 

See also Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Cadmium Cesium Chromium Cobalt Copper Gallium Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Mercury Metallothionein Molybdenum Nickel and Nickel Compounds Platinum Potassium Selenium Silver Sodium Tellurium Thallium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Zinc. 

Morgan DL, Shines CJ, Jeter SP, et al. 1995. Acute pulmonary toxicity of copper gallium diselenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride intratracheally instilled into rats. Environ Res 71 16-24. 

The range of solid solution in the y phases throws further light on the same problem. In the majority of these the limit of solid solution on the side of the component of higher valency occurs at an electron atom ratio of 170 (corresponding to 88 electrons in the Brillouin zone) and beyond this point a new phase develops. There are, however, some y phases, such as those of copper-aluminium or copper-gallium, in which this ratio is appreciably exceeded, and it is found in these cases that the phase has a defect structure in which some of the 52 sites normally occupied are vacant. This defect structure begins to develop when the electron atom ratio reaches the value of 170, and thereafter atoms drop out of the unit cell in such a way that the total number of electrons per cell remains constant at 88 in the copper-gallium system as many as five... 

With respect to their physical properties, boron is a black, hard, very high-melting, network covalent metalloid, but the other 3 A members are shiny, relatively soft, low-melting metals. Aluminum s low density and three valence electrons make it an exceptional conductor for a given mass, it conducts a current twice as effectively as copper. Gallium has the largest liquid temperature range of any element it melts in your hand but does not boil until 2403°C. 

B. Marsen, B. Cole, E.L. Miller, Photoelectrolysis of water using thin copper gallium diselenide electrodes. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92, 1054—1058 (2008)... 

Copper Gallium Diselenide and Copper Indium Diselenide... 

In the far-IR, where photon energies are very low, quantum detectors cannot be used at all. Two types of thermal detectors, each operating at liquid-helium temperatures, have been used. The first one is the germanium bolometer, often doped with a low level of copper, gallium or antimony. For increased responsivity, these detectors are cooled down to 1.5 K by pumping the detector cryostat. The second type is the InSb hot-electron detector. 

Gallium and Cu/Ga alloys. The electrodeposition of galhum and copper-gallium alloys was checked to prepare semiconductors for use in thin solar cells. In this sense, Shivagan et al. reported die eleclrodeposition of (Cu-In-5Ga)-Se in the eutectic mixture ChCl/Urea. Gallium can be also deposited over a Mo electrode in a reversible process, as recently reported by Dale and co-workers. ... 

Stone SF, Arean CO, Diez Vinuela IS, Platero EE (1985) Structural characterization of cadmium-copper gallium oxide (CdxCui.xGa204) spinels. J Chem Soc-Faraday Trans 81 1255-1261... 

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