Copper coordination geometries

The copper coordination geometry is also variable in this structural set. While mononuclear square-pyramidal sites are most common, mononuclear six-coordinate and even binuclear sites are also incorporated into the overall architectures. Water coordination is also evident, often giving rise to more than one coordination geometry in a material, as illustrated by 1, 4, 5 and 8. 

Figure 10 Copper coordination geometries in 2,3QD. (a) Experimental map contoured at the 1.0 r (blue) and 2.5 r (green, only for Glu73 and the solvent molecule) levels, (b) Major distorted tetrahedral coordination, (c) Minor trigonal hipyramidal coordination with a strong square pyramidal component. (Ref. 45. Reproduced by permission of Blackwell)...

Even if the calculations were performed on a simple model, the results presented in Figure 8 nicely reflect the structure-electronic spectroscopy relationship between the various types of copper-cysteinate proteins. The copper coordination geometry of axial type 1 proteins is close to trigonal, and their spectroscopic characteristics are reflected by the results obtained for (p > 80°. Rhombic type 1 proteins like pseudoazurin and cucumber basic protein, on the other hand, have (p angles between 70° and 80°. As can be seen from Figure 8, even at such a small... 

Shepard WEB, Anderson BF, Lewandoski DA, Norris GE, Baker EN (1990) Copper coordination geometry in azurin undergoes minimal change on reduction of copper(II) to copper . J Am Chem Soc 112 7817-7819... 

Copper(I) tends towards a tetrahedral coordination geometry in complexes. With 2,2 -bipyr-idine as a chelate ligand a distorted tetrahedral coordination with almost orthogonal ligands results. 2,2 -Bipyridine oligomers with flexible 6,6 -links therefore form double helices with two 2,2 -bipyridine units per copper(I) ion (J. M. Lehn, 1987,1988). J. M. Lehn (1990 U. Koert, 1990) has also prepared such helicates with nucleosides, e.g., thymidine, covalently attached to suitable spacers to obtain water-soluble double helix complexes, so-called inverted DNA , with internal positive charges and external nucleic bases. Cooperative effects lead preferentially to two identical strands in these helicates when copper(I) ions are added to a mixture of two different homooligomers. 

However, despite the rather dramatic change in coordination geometry that is observed upon comparing [TpBut Me]CuCl and [TpBut]CuCl (41), only rather minor perturbations are observed in comparing the structures of the Cud) dimers [TpBut]Cu 2 (37) and [TpBut,Me]Cu 2 (22). Thus, both the average Cu-N bond lengths and also the Cu - Cu separations in [TpBut Me]Cu 2 and [TpBut]Cu 2 are very similar. Nevertheless, although the coordination environment about each copper center is similar, the 5-methyl substituent does influence the fluxional nature of the molecule in solution. Thus, whereas [TpBut]Cu 2 is fluxional on the NMR time scale at room temperature, with a static structure that is only observed at -56°C, [TpBut Me]Cu 2 exhibits a static H NMR spectrum at room temperature. Furthermore, a static spectrum for... 

Krebs and co-workers synthesized a series of dinuclear copper(II) complexes as models for catechol oxidase 91 (365) (distorted SP Cu-Cu 2.902 A), (366) (distorted five-coordinate geometry Cu-Cu 3.002A), (367) (distorted SP Cu-Cu 2.995 A), (368) (distorted five-coordinate geometry Cu-Cu 2.938 A), and (369) (distorted SP Cu-Cu 2.874 A). These complexes were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. From kinetic analysis, a catalytic order for catecholase activity (aerial oxidation of 3,5 -di - ter t-buty lcatec h o 1) was obtained.326... 

A few thioether-ligated copper(II) complexes have been reported, however (cf. Section 6.6.3.1.2) (417) (essentially square planar), (418) (two crystalline forms one TBP and other SP),361 (419) (SP),362 (420) (SP),362 (421) (TBP),362 (422) (SP),363 (423) (SP),363 (424) (two independent complexes SP and octahedral),364 (425) (TBP).364 In the complexes (420) and (421), EPR spectra revealed that the interaction between the unpaired electron and the nuclear spin of the halogen atom is dependent on the character of the ligand present. For (424) and (425), spectral and redox properties were also investigated. Rorabacher et al.365 nicely demonstrated the influence of coordination geometry upon CV/Cu1 redox potentials, and reported structures of complexes (426) and (427). Both the Cu1 (Section 6.6.4.5.1) and Cu11 complexes have virtual C3v symmetry. 

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