Copper-containing composite production

For the production of superpurity aluminum on a large scale, the Hoopes cell is used. This cell involves three layers of material. Impure (99.35 to 99.9% aluminum) metal from conventional electrolytic cells is alloyed with 33% copper (cutcctic composition) which serves as the anode of the cell A middle, fused-salt layer consists of 60% barium chloride and 40% AlF 1.5NaF (chiolite), mp 72(TC. This layer floats above the aluminum-copper alloy. The top layer consists of superpurity aluminum (99.995%). The final product usually is cast in graphite equipment because iron and other container metals readily dissolve in aluminum. For extreme-purity aluminum, zone refining is used. This process is similar to that used for the production of semiconductor chemicals and yields a product that is 99.9996% aluminum and is available in commercial quantities. 

Only lead alloys containing copper below 0.08% have practical appHcations. Lead sheet, pipe, cable sheathing, wine, and fabricated products are produced from lead—copper alloys having copper contents near the eutectic composition. Lead—copper alloys in the range 0.03—0.08 wt % copper are covered by many specifications ASTM B29-92 (7), QQL 171 (United States), BS 334, HP2 Type 11 (Canada), DIN 1719 (Germany), and AS 1812 (Austraha). 

Silver-containing catalysts are used exclusively in all commercial ethylene oxide units, although the catalyst composition may vary considerably (129). Nonsdver-based catalysts such as platinum, palladium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, copper ketenide, gold, thorium, and antimony have been investigated, but are only of academic interest (98,130—135). Catalysts using any of the above metals either have very poor selectivities for ethylene oxide production at the conversion levels required for commercial operation, or combust ethylene completely at useful operating temperatures. 

The special high-purity zinc (99-99%) is used mainly for the production of diecasting alloys containing 4% aluminium and 0 -04% magnesium and some-times I % copper, as shown in Table 4.30, which gives the composition of the two alloys laid down by BS 1004 1972, and of some newer zinc alloys. 

In searching to formulate a mechanism of CuInSc2 phase formation by one-step electrodeposition from acid (pH 1-3) aqueous solutions containing millimolar concentrations of selenous acid and indium and copper sulfates, Kois et al. [178] considered a number of consecutive reactions involving the formation of Se, CuSe, and Cu2Se phases as a pre-requisite for the formation of CIS (Table 3.2). Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses on this basis were used to calculate a potential-pH diagram (Fig. 3.10) for the aqueous Cu+In-i-Se system and construct a distribution diagram of the final products in terms of deposition potential and composition ratio of Se(lV)/Cu(ll) in solution. 

Aquo-triammino-platinous salts have been described of general formula [Pt(NH3)3HsO]R2. These are prepared by passing a current of air through a solution of diammino-dihydroxylamino-platinous chloride, [Pt(NH3)2(NH2OH)2]Cl2, containing ammonia and ammonium sulphate and a small quantity of any copper salt. Oxidation takes place, and a colourless crystalline precipitate is obtained which is soluble ill warm dilute sulphuric acid. Analysis of this product indicates that it is probably a diplatinum derivative of composition... 

Preparation of Copper(II) and Ammonium Sulphate. Dissolve 1 g of copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate in 2 ml of water with heating and prepare a solution containing an equimolecular amount of ammonium sulphate saturated at 60 °C. Pour together the two hot solutions, mix them, and let them stand for crystallization. Examine the crystals under a microscope and compare their shape with that of copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate and ammonium sulphate crystals. What is the composition of the product Into what ions does this salt dissociate in an aqueous solution Check whether copper(II) hydroxide will precipitate from an aqueous solution of the obtained salt when a sodium hydroxide solution is added to it ... 

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