Copper carbonyl chloride, CuCl

Copper I) chloride, CuCl. White solid (CuClj plus HCJ plus excess copper or SO2). Gives carbonyl and phosphine complexes. 

CsICl2 Cesium iododichloride, 4 9 CsNOs Cesium nitrate, 4 6 1-hydrogen nitrate, 4 7 CsN3 Cesium azide, 1 79 CuBr Copper(I) bromide, 2 3 CuCl Copper(I) chloride, 2 1 [CuC1-CO]-2H20 Copper carbonyl chloride, 2 4... 

A solulion of CuCl in HCI absorbs carbon monoxide, forming copperil) carbonyl chloride. Cu(CO)Cl H 0. This reaction, which is used In gas analysis, is Indicative of the ability of copper to combine with carbon monoxide. Evidence for a true carbonyl is limited to the observation that if hot carbon monoxide is passed over hot copper, a metallic mirror is produced in the hotter parts of the tube. Other organometallic compounds include Ihe very unstable methyl copper, CHiCu. phenyl copper. C<,H5Cu, and bixchlurucopper acetylene CjHrtCuCIi . 

The metals form complex cyanides in which they are covalently bonded to the radical, e.g. KM(CN)2. All complex with ammonia to give the ion [M(NHg)2] and there are similar substituted ammonia and pyridine complexes. Copper(I) chloride dissolved in HCl absorbs CO, and the hydrated carbonyl derivative, Cu(CO)Cl.H20, has been recovered from the solution. A gold analogue is known. Copper(I) and silver solutions also absorb ethylene and substitued ethylenes. Manometric measurements (Vestin, 1954) have shown that two distinct complexes are formed by acetylene in HCl solution, C2H2(CuCl)g and C2H2(CuCl)2. 

While these initial examples were performed in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of palladium, the first catalytic dialkoxycarbonylation of olefins was independently described by Fenton [5] and Medema [6] in 1969 and 1970. More specifically, a catalytic amount of palladium was used together with an equivalent of CuCL, and the reactions were run at high pressure of CO and comparatively high reaction temperatures (140-150 °C). Heck demonstrated that CuCL is not able to efficiently reoxidize Pd(0) at low temperatures [7-9]. In 1972 Fenton and Steinwand reported on the oxidative carbonylation of olefins to succinates [10]. For the reoxidation of palladium, iron and copper chlorides were used, but oxygen should also have been present—otherwise only low yields of succinates were obtained. A related study of the hydroxycarbonylation of olefins was described by the same group [11]. Nowadays, this type of reaction is efficiently performed in the presence of protic acids. ... 

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