Copper bioaccumulation

Besser, J.M., Kubitz, J.A., Ingersoll, C.G., Braselton, W.E. and Giesy, J.P. (1995) Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal contaminated sediments, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 4 (3), 157-168. 

Ahsanullah, M. and A.R. Williams. 1991. Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa. Mar. Biol. 108 59-65. 

Anderson, B.S., D.P. Middaugh, J.W. Hunt, and S.L. Turpen. 1991. Copper toxicity to sperm, embryos and larvae of topsmelt Atherinops affinis with notes on induced spawning. Mar. Environ. Res. 31 17-35. Ankley, G.T., E.N. Leonard, and V.R. Mattson. 1994. Prediction of bioaccumulation of metals from contaminated sediments by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Water Res. 28 1071-1076. 

Byers, J.E. 1993. Variations in the bioaccumulation of zinc, copper, and lead in Crassostrea virginica and Ilyanassa obsoleta in marinas and open water environments. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 109 163-170. 

Calabrese, A., J.R. Maclnnes, D.A. Nelson, R. A. Greig, and P.P. Yevich. 1984. Effects of long-term exposure to silver or copper on growth, bioaccumulation and histopathology in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Environ. Res. 11 253-274. 

Weis, P., J.S. Weis, and J. Couch. 1993a. Histopathology and bioaccumulation in oysters Crassostrea virginica living on wood preserved with chromated copper arsenate. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 17 41 -46. 

Winner, R.W. and J.D. Gauss. 1986. Relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper, cadmium and zinc as affected by water hardness and humic acid. Aquat. Toxicol. 8 149-161. 

Dithiocarbamates and xanthates form particularly stable, neutral complexes with Cu(II), Cd(II) (and also Ni, Hg, Pb), which are membrane permeable and increase the apparent bioaccumulation of these metals [13]. In the series of sulfoxine, oxine, and chloroxine, the hydrophobicity of the neutral and the charged form, as well as of the Cu complex, increases. While the sulfoxine is not hydrophobic and does not modulate copper toxicity [220], the Cu-oxine complex is hydrophobic with an octanol-water partition constant, log Kok, of 1.7 [221] or 2.6 [222]. Chloroxine can be assumed to be even more hydrophobic, but so far its influence on uptake and toxicity has not been investigated. Uptake of Cu2+ into unilamellar liposomes was increased in the presence of 8-hydroxy-chinoline, and decreased again after adding HA [223],... 

The RoHS Directive was a major catalyst for research and adoption of lead-free solutions in electronic equipment. Alternatives to lead in soldering range from tin (Sn), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) to bismuth (Bi) and zinc (Zn). These heavy metals do not have the same toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of lead (Pb). ... 

Cadmium is found naturally deep in the subsurface in zinc, lead, and copper ores, in coal, shales, and other fossil fuels it also is released during volcanic activity. These deposits can serve as sources to ground and surface waters, especially when in contact with soft, acidic waters. Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate salts of cadmium are soluble, and sorption to soils is pH-dependent (increasing with alkalinity). Cadmium found in association with carbonate minerals, precipitated as stable solid compounds, or coprecipitated with hydrous iron oxides is less likely to be mobilized by resuspension of sediments or biological activity. Cadmium absorbed to mineral surfaces (e.g., clay) or organic materials is more easily bioaccumulated or released in a dissolved state when sediments are disturbed, such as during flooding. 

Metals frequently occurring in the state s waste streams include cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, barium, nickel, antimony, beryllium, mercury, vanadium, cobalt, silver, and selenium. These metals are toxic to humans and other organisms, are persistent in the environment, and can bioaccumulate in food chains. They are typically used by businesses in many industrial categories, as shown in Table 2.1-1. 

Ali NA, Ater M, Sunahara GI, et al. Phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of copper and chromium using barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in spiked artificial and natural forest soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Sa/2004 57(3) 363-74. 

Winner, R. W. (1985). Bioaccumulation and toxicity of copper as affected by interactions between humic acid and water hardness. Water Res. 19, 449-455. 

Toxicity of natural origin is found in soils formed from Cu sulfide-rich parent rocks, especially when the soil is acid. Bioaccumulation of Cu in humus followed by episodes of reduction can concentrate the element in sulfide form in natural wetlands. Because copper is not only phytotoxic but also a commonly abundant metal pollutant in waste materials, Cu in wastes such as sewage sludges is often the first element to limit land application. 

A very large amount of information is available on the levels of total copper in various compartments of the environment, but little information on copper speciation (WHO 1998). Copper is transformed in the environment to forms that are either more or less bioavailable, depending upon the physical and chemical conditions present in the environment of interest. The net uptake of copper by microorganisms, plants, and animals from the surrounding environment (water, sediment, soil, and diet) is defined as bioaccumulation . The species of copper present in environmental media and its associated bioavailability, together with differences in plant and animal uptake and excretion rates, determine the extent of bioaccumulation. 

Gardea-Torresdet J., Darnall D., and Wang J., Bioaccumulation and measurement of copper at an alga-modified carbon paste electrode, Anal. Chem., 60, 72-76, 1988. 

Villarreal-Trevino CM, Obregon-Morales ME, Lozano-Morales JF, et al. 1986. Bioaccumulation of lead, copper, iron, and zinc by fish in a transect of the Santa Catarina River in Cadereyta Jimenez, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37 395-401. 

Fig. 2 Relationship between presence-absence of adverse effects, trophic transfer factors and dietary exposure concentration from laboratory studies (a) cadmium, (b) copper, (c) lead, (d) nickel, and (e) zinc. The different symbols distinguish data associated with effects or lack thereof, and include controls and bioaccumulation studies in which toxicity was not eveiluated explicitly, but occurred nonetheless...

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