Copenhagen Water

To achieve the accuracy of 0.02 %o in salinity for a single determination with the above method, and also to make salinity determinations from different institutions comparable, Knudsen required frequent comparison with an internationally accepted standard of known chlorinity. On behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), standard seawater (SSW), later often called Copenhagen Water as it was prepared in Copenhagen for a long time, served this purpose. Each batch was numbered and distributed to oceanographers in sealed ampoules with the chlorinity indicated. For a detailed description of the history of standard seawater see Culkin and Smed (1979). 

Long before the concept of pH, influences of minerals in water were empirically demonstrated in the various methods of production of both malt and beer. Water with a large carbonate content, as found in Munich and Copenhagen, demands long-grown and highly dried malt together with slow... 

S. Deak, quoted in Health Hazards from Nitrates in Drinking Water, Report on a WHO meeting, Copenhagen, 5-9 Mareh 1984, WHO, Geneva, 1985. 

Kramp, P. L. (1959). The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Waters, Dana-Report No. 46. Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen. 

Kucera,V. The Effects of Acidification of the Environment on the Corrosion of the Atmosphere, Water, and Soil, Proc. 9th Scandinavian Corrosion Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1983. 

Estrela T et al (2001) Sustainable water use in Europe. Part 3 Extreme hydrological events floods and droughts. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen... 

H. J. Panneman, R. C. Pot-Gerritsen, E. M. Kuiper-Van Loo, H. Pastoor, and R. Janssen-Van Rosmalen. UV (uItraviolet)-oxidation process for water treatment at gas plant sites. In Proceedings Volume, Pt B, pages 269 271-285.20th Int Gas Union World Gas Conf (Copenhagen, Denmark, 6/I0-6/I3), 1997. 

Larsen HF, Tprslpv J, Damborg A (1995) Areas of intervention for cleaner technology in the printing industry - assessment of waste water (report in Danish). Environmental Project No. 284. Danish Ministry of Environment. Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen... 

Kirkwood DS, Aminot A, Perttila M (1991) Fourth Intercomparision Exercise for Nutrients in Sea Water (ICES) Copenhagen Cooperative Research Report p. 174... 

Hoysaeter T, Helweg A (eds) (1995) Pesticides in precipitation and surface water. TemaNord, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 558 103-118... 

Early scientists recognized that standards were needed to determine reliable values of the chlorinity and salinity of seawater. The IAPSO Standard Sea Water Service (originally based in Copenhagen) collected and distributed seawater from the North Atlantic with a known, measured chlorinity. This sample was supplied to oceanographers to standardize the AgNOg solutions used to determine chlorinity in various laboratories. 

D-EPA. 2006. Principles for establishment of health based quality criteria for ambient air, soil and drinking water. Vejledning fra Miljpstyrelsen Nr. 5 2006. Copenhagen Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Danish Ministry of the Environment (in Danish). http /www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2006/ 87-7052-182-4/pdf/87-7052-182-4.pdf... 

Hafnium was discovered in 1922 by Coster and deHevesy. They named it for Hafnia, the Latin word for Copenhagen. It is found in aU zirconium ores, such as zircon, (ZrSi04) and baddeleyite (Zr02). It occurs in the earth s crust at about 3 mg/kg. Its average concentration in sea water is 7 ng/L. 

Forchhammer evaporated six pounds of sea water from the Sound near Copenhagen and heated the residue to white heat in a perfectly clean platinum crucible. After further purification of the remaining hemi-prismatic crystals, he treated them with alcohol and detected boron by the green color it imparted to the alcohol flame and the brown color it gave to curcuma paper. In 1877 L. Dieulafait found boric acid to be a normal constituent of sea water (124). Its presence in many mineral waters has also been demonstrated. 

J. D. Dana showed that fluorine occurs in the lime of corals (162). Dr. G. Wilson of Edinburgh and J. G. Forchhammer both detected it directly in sea water from the Sound near Copenhagen, and the latter demonstrated it still more easily in the boiler scale from Transatlantic steamers (98). 

Nixon, S.C., Hunt, D.T.E., Lallana, C., Boschet, A.F., Sustainable use of Europe s water , State, Prospects and Issues, Environmental Assessment Series, No 7, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen (2004)... 

Nixon, S., Trent, Z., Marcuello, C., Lallana, C., Europe s water An indicator-based assessment, EEA, Copenhagen (2003)... 

Munkholm, L.J. 2002. Soil fragmentation and friability. Effects of soil water and soil management. PhD thesis, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum and The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. 

Pedersen, F., E. Bjprnestad, H.V. Andersen, J. Kjpholt, and C. Poll. 1998. Characterization of sediments from Copenhagen Harbour by use of biotests. Water Sci. Technol 37 233-240. 

P. Astrup, P. Bie and H. C. Engell, Salt and Water in Culture and Medicine, trans. by K. Skovgjerg and A. L. Cameron-Mills, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1993. 

McKee, B.A., Wiseman, W., and Inoue, M. (1995) Salt water intrusion and sediment dynamics in a bar-built estuary Terrebonne Bay, LA. In Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries, pp. 13-16, Olsen and Olsen, Copenhagen. 

Ormaza-Gonzalez, F.I., and Statham, P.J. (1991) The occurrence and behavior of different forms of phosphorus in the waters of four English estuaries. In Estuaries and Coasts Spatial and Temporal Intercomparisons (Elliott, M., and Ducrotoy, J.P., eds.), pp. 77-83, Olsen and Olsen, Copenhagen. 

Synthetic hydroxyapatites were prepared by the method of Hayek and co-workers (7, 8), modified to produce a product of small particle size. The products were isolated by washing the gel slurry with water until free of nitrate ion. The resultant suspensions were then spray-dried with a Minor Type 53 Niro Atomizer (Copenhagen, Denmark). The resultant dry products were in the form of porous, spherical polycrystalline agglomerates of 5 to 8 fi average diameter. The specific surfaces of these products ranged from 104 to 180 meter2/gram. 

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