Copaiba Oil

With cedar-wood and copaiba oils, the high boiling fractions arc. fonnd 10 have very high refractive Indices (op lo I lflflf) or even L/iOflj, and in llie case of. African copaiha. cadiuene is found in the fraction 305 Is, tho oorrospouding fraction may he... 

Other samples oI Urlcati copaiba oil had Ihe following cbaractci S... 

This sesquiterpene, or mixture of sesquiterpenes, is found to a considerable extent in nature, especially in clove oil, pimento oil, pepper oil, cinnamon oil, betel oil, copaiba oil, and numerous other essential oils. As isolated from these oils the sesquiterpene has the following characters —... 

Copaiba Oil occurs as a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with the characteristic odor of copaiba balsam and an aromatic, slightly bitter and pungent taste. It is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of copaiba balsam, an exudate from the trunk of various South American species of Copaifera L. (Fam. Leguminosae). It is soluble in alcohol, in most fixed oils, and in mineral oil. It is insoluble in glycerin and practically insoluble in propylene glycol. 

Copaiba balsam from Brazil and Venezuela (d 0.94-0.99) is a viscous hquid used in varnishes and lacquers as an odor fixative and in manufacture of photographic paper. It is the source of copaiba oil. 

Copaiba. Belsam copaiba balsam capivi Jesuit s balsam. Oleoresin from South American species of Copai-jm (Copaiba). Leguminosac. Habit. Brazil] Venezuela, Colombia, especially the Amazon valley and banks of Orinoco. Constit. Volatile oil. resin illuric and metacopaivic Kid (in Maracaibo balsam) copai vie and oxycopaivic acids (in Para balsam). Brief description of balsam copaiba and its constituents J. A. Wenninger et at-, J- Assoc. Offic. Anal. Ch m. 50, 1304 (1967) D. L, J. Opdyke Food Cosmer. Taxied, 4, 687 (1976) of copaiba oil idem, ibid, 11 1075... 

Balsam copaiba oil. See Balsam copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) oil Balsam of fir Balsam fir Balsam fir oleoresin. See Balsam Canada (Abies balsamea)... 

ISO standard 3760 shows character and data for this oil. Blending is done with a-terpineol, limo-nene from orange oil, recti ed copaiba oil, lovage root oil, and amyris oil. Detection is best done by GC-MS. 

Gomes N, Rezende C, Fontes S, Matheus M, Fernandes P (2007) Antinociceptive activity of Amazonian Copaiba oils. J Ethnopharmacol 109 486-492. doi 10.1016/J.Jep. 2006.08.018 Veiga V Jr, Rosas E, Carvalho M, Henriques M, Pinto A (2007) Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of copaiba oils from Copaifera cearensis Huber ex Ducke, Copaifera reticulata Ducke and Copaifera multijuga Hayne - a comparative study. J Ethnopharmacol 112 248-254. doi 10.1016/j.jep. 2007.03.005... 

As indicating the behaviour of African copaiba oil, which has been used to a considerable extent for adulterating this oil, the following figures for the pure copaiba oil are of interest. A sample of the balsam i lf was distUled by the author and Bennett and the oil collected in four equal fractions. 

Other samples of African copaiba oil had the following characters —... 

Chamomile oil is often adulterated with cedar and turpentine oils, sometimes with copaiba oil, and, according to some authorities, with milfoil oil. Some of the commercial oil is merely turpentine or lemon oil or a mixture of these oils, distilled over chamomiles. This reprehensible custom of selling low-priced rubbish under unjustifiable names is countenanced by even some reputable firms, who offer in their price lists chamomile oil and chamomile oil with lemon, the latter at about one-fifth of the price of the former. 

Cocking considers that the first 10 per cent, distilled in vacuo of a copaiba oil should have a higher laevo-rotation than that of the oil itself, and that a lower value indicates the presence of an adulterant. Although the author dissents from Cooking s conclusions, the fact that the British Pharmacopoeia has based an official test on it causes it to be of considerable importance. 

The presence of gurjun balsam oil in copaiba oil may be confirmed by the preparation of gurjene ketone semi-carbazone. The oil is fractionated under 10 to 12 mm. pressure. The portion boiling above 145 is rejected. The lower fractions are oxidised with potassium permanganate in acetone solution. The semi-carbazone melts at 234 C. and has a specific rotation + 317 in chloral hydrate solution. 

Semmler and Stenzel have examined the laevo-rotatory sesquiterpene of African copaiba oil, which yields cadinene hydrodiloride, and have named it copsene. By oxidation with potassium permanganate it yields a ketonic add. which foims a semi-carl zone melting at 221 . 

The so-called African copaiba oil has been referred to somewhat fully under oil of copaiba, so that only a few further details ate necessary. African balsam of copaiba is the product of a plant whose botanical origin is not quite certain. It is probably Oxystigma Mannii, or Hardwiwia Mannii. 

Copaiba oil is obtained by direct vacuum distillation of the oleoresin containing large amounts of the volatile oil (60-90%) (arctander). 

Other samples of jrAfricaii copaiba oil had the follovvicif cbaractcj St—... 

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