Cooling vortex

The product stream contains gases and soflds. The soflds are removed by using either cyclones, filters, or both in combination. Cyclones are devices used to separate soflds from fluids using vortex flow. The product gas stream must be cooled before being sent to the collection and refining system. The ALMA process uses cyclones as a primary separation technique with filters employed as a final separation step after the off-gas has been cooled and before it is sent to the collection and refining system (148). As in the fixed-bed process, the reactor off-gas must be incinerated to destroy unreacted butane and by-products before being vented to the atmosphere. 

A large variety of methods can be used for zoning, such as inclined jets, horizontal cooled jets, vertical jets, floor jets, nozzle ducts, and vortex. Examples of different methods are illustrated in Fig. 8.13. 

Principles and Characteristics The principle of solid-fluid-vortex extraction, a recent development [152], is based on the creation of a relatively high filtration pressure as a result of cooling off a vapour chamber in a boiler vessel in such a way that there is (ideally) complete condensation and the extractive fluid is forced through a filter and/or extraction material at nearly one atmosphere in the case of open extractor systems and at more than one atmosphere in the case of closed extractor systems (cf. hydrostatic pressures up to 0.01 bar in Soxhlet). 

In a direct-current plasma source (DCP) initial heating of an inert gas, usually argon, is produced by a dc-arc. Experimentally it is arranged for the plasma to be established in a high-velocity gas stream. When the edges of the plasma are cooled with an inert gas vortex, the cooler outer parts have... 

Total protection from liquids and vapors can be provided by an impervious hood incorporating a glass or plastic window. Unfortunately, these are very hot and may require additional ventilation directly from an air line, or perhaps through a device known as a vortex tube that converts supplied compressed air to either a cool or warm flow as required. 

Cool die sample in an ice bath and add 1/10 volume of Soln. A. Vortex and allow to precipitate in an ice bath for 30 min. Spin for 5 min at 5000 to 10 000 x g in a refrigerated centrifuge. Remove the supernatant by aspiration with a pipet. Wash the pellet once with 0.5 sample volume ice-cold 10% TCA (w/v) and once with 0.5 sample volume ice-cold ethanol-ether 1 1 (v/v) to remove traces of TCA. Dry the pellet at the air and dissolve in 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 M Tris pH 8.0. 

After cooling the vials to room temperature, add 2 ml hexane, close the vial again and vortex for 10 s. Transfer the upper (hexane) layer to a glass tube with a cone bottom and carefully evaporate the hexane with a gentle stream of nitrogen at room temperature. Finally, dissolve the residue in 100 pi (plasma) or 80 pi (erythrocytes) of hexane and transfer the sample to a GC injection vial with a crimp cap or a screw cap. Inject 1 pi into the GC. 

Add 125 pi TBA, vortex, and place for 15 min into a boiling water bath. Cool down in ice water and centrifuge fast at room temperature. Add 125 pi acid butanol, vortex twice for about 5 s each. Centrifuge for 10 min at 3000 rpm (2000xg). 

A second issue is the transport of trace gases in the stratosphere. How do the polar vortices form How readily are air parcels exchanged between the vortex and midlatitudes and between altitudes at different latitudes and seasons What are the diabatic heating and cooling rates at different times... 

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