Examples cooling tower design

As an example, the reputable cooling tower designer would establish most of the above parameters from his own experience. In addition, he could determine with his client the economic factors which could influence his selection, i.e. low capital cost with high mnning costs, or a higher capital cost with more acceptable power costs (a 12-month or a 5-year payback period). Turnkey contractors often understandably ignore this particular factor, and end users should always obtain alternative designs to make their own selection. 

For example, a cooling tower with water containing four times as much total dissolved solids as its makeup supply would be operating at four cycles of concentration. The cycles of concentration are determined by the cooling tower design, water characteristics, operating conditions and the type of treatment system employed (cooling tower water treatment is discussed in detail in Chapter 8). 

Some of the problems that concern the proper methods for consideration of several different objectives in reservoir planning are discussed. Classical systems analysis approach to decision making for multiple objective problems is outlined and the inherent difficulties associated with multiple objectives and subjective estimates are identified. Techniques used in reservoir design and operation are reviewed. An alternate technique for considering noncommensurate, objectives, which relates the objectives in terms of real trade-off costs and eliminates the need for a priori estimates of objective worth is presented. The method is illustrated with three examples, including a reservoir operation problem and a cooling tower design problem. 31 refs, cited. 

In the cooling tower of Example 8.7, to what temperature would the water be cooled if after the tower was built and operated at the design water and air rates, the air entered at a dry-bulb temperature of 305 K and a wet-bulb temperature of 301 K Assume that the cooling load of the tower remains the same as in Example 8.7. 

Design of Water-Cooling Tower. Recalculate Example 10.5-1, but calculate the minimum air rate and use 1.75 times the minimum air rate. 

Water Cooling Theory, Cooling Tower Design, Cooling Tower Fill, Gas Quench Towers, Quench Tower Design, Total Condenser Theory, Total Condenser Design, Partial Condenser Theory, Chlorine Gas Cooling, Vacuum Crude Stills, Atmospheric Crude Stills, Olefin Primary Fractionator, Olefin Water Quench Tower, Example Problem, Notation, References... 

We begin this chapter with a comparison of the mechanisms responsible for mass and heat transfer. The mathematical similarities suggested by these mechanisms are discussed in Section 21.1, and the physical parallels are explored in Section 21.2. The similar mechanisms of mass and heat transfer are the basis for the analysis of drying, both of solids and of sprayed suspensions. However, the detailed models differ, as shown by the examples in Section 21.3. In Section 21.4, we outline cooling-tower design as an example based on mass and heat transfer coefficients. Finally, in Section 21.5, we describe thermal diffusion and effusion. 

Mechanics-draft cooling towers normally are designed for L/Q ratios ranging from 0.75 to 1.50 accordingly, the vSues of KaV/L vaiy from 0.50 to 2.50. With these ranges in mind, an example of the use of the nomograph will readily explain the effecd of changing variables. 

Before developing specific relationships to describe cooling tower operations, it is worthwhile to review some elementary principles in developing material and energy balances. In addition, we need to review heat and mass transfer analogies before tackling design problems. The more experienced reader may wish to proceed to Chapter 4 or try the example problems at the end of the chapter as a refresher. 

In designing axi-symmetric shell structures such as large-type cooling towers, it is necessary to predict the vibration responses to various external forces. The authors describe the linear vibration response analysis of axi-symmetric shell structures by the finite element method. They also analyze geometric nonlinear (large deflection) vibration which poses a problem in thin shell structures causes dynamic buckling in cooling towers. They present examples of numerical calculation and study the validity of this method. 11 refs, cited. 

Given are two examples which show different methods that are used to reduce the quantities of waste water from cooling tower operation. In one case, the treatment technique of an existing facility was modified to reduce waste water production. In the order case, a new plant design included facilities for the minimization of the requirements for waste water disposal. 

The paper presents a method for the rational design of reinforced concrete chimneys or cement silos, towers for warm liquids and cooling towers subject to the effects of thermal gradients. The loads acting on the structure are divided into general loads and local loads. The effects of these loads on the concrete, the vertical reinforcement, and the horizontal (annular) reinforcement are studied with the aid of tables to obtain the significant stresses. A numerical example is given. 8 refs, cited. 

There are many applications in which it is important to maintain an average basin water temperature at an optimum value. One example is a utility cooling tower application in which an optimum average basin water temperature is required to ensure efficient turbine operation. In this example, the optimum temperature falls between 60° and 75°F. Ice prevention systems should be designed to provide sufficient flexibility to control the basin water temperature between specified limits without significant ice formation for a wide range of heat load and ambient environmental conditions. 

Although there is a wide variety of cooling tower manufacturers, designs, and structural materials used, particular types of tower are often associated with specific industries. This may further concentrate the focus of survey questioning to center around potential problem areas specific to the industry in question. For example ... 

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