Cooling ponds

When large ground areas are available, cooling ponds offer a satisfac-toiy method of removing heat from water. A pond may be constructed... 

Example 16 Calculation of Cooling-Pond Size Determine the required size of a cooling pond operating at the following conditions ... 

The first step is to immerse the fuel elements in large cooling ponds of water for a hundred days or so, during which time the short-lived, intensely radioactive species such as 53 (ti = 8.04 days) lose most of their activity and the generation of heat subsides. 

In order to achieve economy in the use of water it will have to be re-cooled. This is achieved by transferring heat to the ambient air by means of cooling ponds, towers, tanks or mechanical coolers. Temperature regulators may assist control and conserve energy. 

A cooling-water pond is the simplest form of cooling arrangement. The pond should be located so that an unrestricted air circulation is obtained. Vaporizing ability is improved if the hot water is returned to the pond by some kind of sprinkler device. Most of the cooling effect is caused by vaporization and the water thus lost must be replaced. Cooling ponds should not be used in heavily contaminated atmospheres. 

A cooling tank is, in effect, a small cooling pond. However, because of the difficulty in keeping the water clean, this method is not recommended. 

Makeyeva, A.P., N.G. Yemel yanova, N.V. Belova, and I.N. Ryabov. 1995. Radiobiological analysis of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, from the cooling pond of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant since the time of the accident. 2. Development of the reproductive system in the first generation of offspring. Jour. Ichthyol. 35 40-64. 

The same type of event may have been observed at Amarillo, Texas during tests associated with transportation hazards of LNG for the API 6A6 (LPG/LNG) subcommittee of the API Tanker Committee. A 0.03-m quantity of LNG was being pumped into a cooling pond. It was heaved into the air and was reported to have reacted explosively on contact with the water. 

The WECAN, Inc. consulting company has a project that requires determining the evaporation from the 10 hectare cooling pond at the Hang Dog Power Facility, and they realized that they do not know how to determine the gas him coefficient. A table similar to Table 9.2 was found, and they decided to compare the resulting predictions to see if it made a signihcant difference. We will duplicate their results for one such comparison under the following conditions ... 

East Mesa Geothermal Facihty and cooling ponds... 

The original plan for this spent fuel was to store it for about 150 d and then transfer it to other facilities for disposal as waste or reprocessing. In the United States, this transfer has not occurred, and most of the fuel has remained in cooling ponds at the reactor sites, for times that have exceeded 20 y. In this case, a closer look at the properties of irradiated fuel is justified. 

What does one do with the radioactive waste described in the previous section Clearly, the most important component of the waste is the spent fuel. Currently, most spent fuel assemblies are held in cooling ponds at the reactor sites, although one cannot do this indefinitely. In a few reactor sites, dry storage of the spent fuel is used. The fuel rods are transferred to special casks when the heat output and activity are such that air cooling will suffice. 

Combined Dry Tower-Cooling Pond Systems for Power Plant Cooling... 

Leakage from a Cooling Pond Monitored by Temperature Measurements... 

Gaseous emission from phosphoric acid plants can be scrubbed with cool contaminated recycle cooling water to relatively low emission levels. However, to minimize cooling tower or cooling pond emission, fluorine recovery often is necessary on those streams that have a significant fluorine content. 

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