Cooling apparatus

The process employed in carrying out this invention is as follows A mixture of 1 to IJ parts acetone (45 kg.), 1 part of lemon-giass oil (38 kg.), IJ to 2 parts of alcohol (75 kg.), 1 to 2 parts of a concentrated lime-free solution of chloride of lime (75 kg.), to which is added a little cobaJtous nitrate (30 gr.) dissolved in water, is boiled during six to eighteen hours at a temperature of 70° to 80° C. in a reflux cooling apparatus. 

Kiihl-anlage, /. cooling plant, refrigerating plant, -apparat, m. cooling apparatus cooler refrigerator condenser, -bottich, m. cooling tub, cooler. 

Ambient Temperature. Ambient temperature is the temperature of the surrounding cooling medium, such as gas of liquid, which comes into contact with the heated parts of the apparatus. Note Ambient temperature is commonly known as room temperature in connection with air-cooled apparatus not provided with artificial ventilation. 

Cooling towers and evaporative condensers release into the atmosphere fine droplets of water, which may carry sources of contamination such as algae and bacteria. Many of these thrive at the temperatures to be expected in water cooling systems and one of them, Legionella pneumophila, has been identified as a particular hazard to health. Cooling apparatus should be cleaned and disinfected frequently to reduce these risks of contamination and should not be located where water droplets can be drawn into ventilation air intakes. 

The design engineer must consider the effect of such variations on the load within the space. This governs the selection of the cooling apparatus and method of control. A wide variation of equipment is available and the engineer needs to he aware of the characteristics and correct application of each. 

Hausbrand, E. Evaporating, Condensing and Cooling Apparatus. Translated from the second revised German edition by A. C. WRIGHT, Fifth English edition revised by B. Heastie (E. Benn, London, 1933). 

Dabirmanesh, Q. and Roberts, R.M.G., The synthesis of iron sandwich complexes by microwave dielectric heating using a simple solid C02-cooled apparatus in an unmodified commercial microwave Oven, /. Organomet. Chem., 1993, 460, C28. 

The DMA was operated in the fixed frequency mode at 1 Hz and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.06 mm. A DuPont Liquid Nitrogen Cooling Apparatus (LNCA-II) was used to achieve sub-ambient temperatures. The temperature profile used was a ramp to — 20°C, soak for 5 min, and then ramp at 5°C/min to 220°C. Three specimens were tested for each blend. 

Fig. 1.28. Cryoscopy cell, (a) Typical dimensions of the lower section are 260-mm height and 20-mm diameter. The thermistor well is about 27 mm. (b) Cooling apparatus for the cryoscopy cell. The cryoscope slips into the jacketed tube. The jacket is evacuated or partially evacuated to control the cooling rate. Electrical readout is achieved with a digital multimeter or commercial electronics for thermistor thermometers.

Solid samples placed in the bottom of the test tube were cooled in a cooling apparatus and were irradiated by Pyrex-filtered light transmitted by using a flexible light guide from a 250-W ultra-high-pressure mercury lamp. When the powdered lb was irradiated at 15 °C for 2 h, a quantitative amount of 3-(7V-methylaniliiio)-3-phenylphthalide 2b ( 11521 (c 1.0, CHCI3)) was obtained. 

Tables in Winkelmann, Handbuch der Physik, 1906, 3, 1092 Landolt-Bornstein, Tabellen, 4th edit., 1912,185. On determination of latent heat, see Griffiths, in Glazebrook, Diet, of Applied Physics, 1922,1, 550 Smith, J, Opt. Soc. Amer, 1925, 10, 711 technical data in Hausbrand, Evaporation, Condensation, and Cooling Apparatus, 5th edit., 1933. Manch. Mem. 1862, 1, 99 Scientific Papers, 1884,1, 482. ...

J.3. Experimental procedure for paper electrophoresis The use of a flat-plate water cooled apparatus is described. Brownlee (1972) describes the hanging or up and over types of tank which use an organic coolant. 

The increase in temperature during a separation is observed to be due to Joule heating Ideally, the retention factor, k, should be independent of the applied voltage or current, but, actually, k does depend on the applied voltage. Although the temperature of the separation capillary is controlled with a Uquid coolant or a drculating airstream in most commercially available capillary electrophoresis (CE) instruments, the retention factor usually deaeases, almost linearly, with an increase in the velocity of the EOF or an increase in the current. However, the dependence is much less than that observed in a CE system without forced-cooling apparatus. 

The samples were measured at 243 K and in the range of 15-37 K using two cooling apparatuses. For high temperature measurement, the ice cube was fixed in a cold chamber on the x-y translation stage of a microscope. This chamber also contained an objective lens used... 

Figure 1 Recirculating Inert Liquid Removal System. A standard glass cooling apparatus. B liquid reservoir,...

Arndt et al. (124) found that controlled cooling based on natural convection currents could not be used in the temperature range 30-120 C at cooling rates of 10°CVmin. They proposed the use of the simple controlled cooling apparatus shown in Figure 6.13. The jacket consisted of an aluminum cylinder of about 8 cm in diameter in which ice water from a cryogenic bath was circulated by means of a pump. The entire jacket was covered by a PVC... 

Leininger and Chulski have demonstrated that disodium dihydrogen hypophosphate Is produced in the oxidation of red P with NaClOs in a yield of about 42%. In addition, 19% orthophosphate, 35% phosphite, and 2% hypophosphite are formed. The procedure, somewhat cumbersome because of the large cooling apparatus required, has been Improved and simplified by Baudler and, later, by Remy and Falius. According to the latter authors, special apparatus is unnecessary. Sufficient phosphorus must be available, however, and the heat of reaction must be rapidly removed. The yield Is better than that achieved by Leininger and Chulski. 

After the thoroughly cooled apparatus has been filled with Ar or CO 3, the tube is opened and the metal dislodged from the cold finger with a spatula or, if necessary, with suitable tongs or forceps. This is best done imder toluene or in a cylinder filled with CO3. 

The main cooling field devices are throttles, heat exchangers, turboexpanders, air cooling apparatuses, and artificial cold mechanisms. 

Prevention of the escape of radioactive substances and chemicals in aqueous solutions into the environment is accomplished by setting up processing of aqueous process and drain solutions in the plant s process flows. The plant uses monitored discharge of the water used to cool apparatus, by employing automatic interlocks in the event of a hardware leak. The content of radionuclides in harmful chemicals and waste water is determined by collecting and later analyzing samples. 

Cooling stations with aggressive cooling apparatus will help extend a worker s productive time... 

Types of DSC cooling apparatus. The appropriate coolants are described in the text... 

---