Coolers using

Plate and frame coolers using HasteUoy C-276 plates have been used successfuUy. Anodically protected plate coolers are available as weU as plate coolers with plates welded together to minimize gasketing. Another promising development is the introduction of plate coolers made of HasteUoy D205 (105). This aUoy has considerably better corrosion resistance to concentrated sulfuric acid at higher temperatures than does C-276. Because of the close clearance between plates, cooling water for plate coolers must be relatively clean. 

Both Mitsubishi and Mitsui TLEs differ drastically from other designs. Mitsubishi offers a TLE with an integral steam dmm and cyclone for vapor—hquid separation. The pyrolysis gas flows in the shell side, and is claimed to accomplish the decoking of the furnace and the transferline exchanger in one operation. The Mitsui quench cooler uses three concentric tubes as the tube element, and requires steam—air decoking to clean the TLE (58,59). 

Marine and hydraulic-oil coolers use these characteristics to enhance the coefficient of otheiwise poorly performing fluids. The higher metallurgies in marine applications like 90/10 Cu-Ni afford the higher cost of plate-fin design to be offset by the less amount of alloy material being used. On small hydrauhc coolers, these fins usually allow one to two size smaller coolers for the package and save sldd space and initial cost. 

Multi-stage preheating, pre-calciners, kiln combustion system improvements, enhancement of internal heat transfer in kiln, kiln shell loss reduction, optimize heat transfer in clinker cooler, use of waste fuels Blended cements, cogeneration... 

Figure 10-128. Graphite film coolers. (Used by permission Bui. 537, Falls Industries, Inc. Research indicates that company went out of business, 1999.)...

Figure 10-129. MTD correction factors for drip type coolers. (Used by permission Bowman, R. A., Mueller, A. C., and Nagle, W.M. Transactions ofASME, No. 62, 1940. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)...

Figure 10-131. Typical sectional cooler using assembly of standardized components. (Used by permission SGL Technic, Inc., Karbate Division.)...

Figure 10-181. Typical drive arrangements for air-coolers. (Used by permission Griscom-Russell/Ecolaire Corporation.)...

There is no need for the condensation part of the cycle because hot air is in continuous supply on warm days. As a result, evaporative coolers use far less energy than traditional refrigerated air conditioners. They are very popular in hot, dry areas of the country where coolers are used nearly year-round. 

The purpose of the final cooler is to remove the heat of compression added by the exhauster and to cool the gas to its final temperature so that downstream absorbers will operate more efficiently. Final cooling is typically achieved by direct contact with the cooling medium, either water or oil. An important function of final cooling is removal of naphthalene. In final coolers using wash oil, the naphthalene dissolves in the oil, and a side stream is steam stripped to remove the naphthalene. If water cooling is used, the condensed naphthalene must be absorbed by contacting the water with tar. The tar is continuously exchanged with fresh tar to prevent naphthalene buildup. 

During the R D of the upflow type catalyst cooler, using catalyst CRC-1 (pp = 1,700 kg/m), the influence of vertical heat transfer tubes on bed density was investigated by LPEC in a dt 0.36 m cold test model, with 0.04 m o.d. tubes and 0.08-0.2 m shell side equivalent diameters. The gas velocities and solid mass velocities were 1.0—1.6 m/s and 70-180 t/(m2 h), respectively. Average bed density was correlated by the equation... 

Air coolers use electric power to run the fans. The power requirement is determined as part of the cooler design, as described in Chapter 12. 

---