Convallaria majalis

Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, the lower homolog of proline, has been isolated from Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley) 40,44), Polygonatum officinalis (Solomon s seal) 153), and Polygonatum multiflorum 45). Fowden and Steward 47) surveyed plants from 56 genera for nitrogenous compounds and found azetidine-2 -carboxylic acid to be restricted to members of the Liliaceae. In some species it was identified in leaf, stem, and root but was more commonly found in the seed. In Polygonatum, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid accounted for 75% or more of the total nonprotein nitrogen in the rhizome 45). There was no evidence that it occurred as a constituent of protein. 

N.A. Convallaria majalis L. C. sepium L. Cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, convallotoxin, convalloside, convallatoxol, flavonoid glycosides." Affect in heart failure, regulate heart beat, lower blood pressure. 

Cardiac glycosides Adonis vemalis, Convallaria majalis, C. sepium, Euonymus atropurpureus, Strophanthus gratus, S. kombe... 

Following this work, Reichstein and coworkers15 effected the first partial synthesis of a naturally occurring cardenolide, convallatoxin. Convalla-toxin [3/3-0-(6-deoxy-a-n-mannopyranosyl) strophanthidin (9)] is considered to be the most potent of all the known, naturally occurring cardenolides, and is obtained from the blossoms of the lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis). The coupling of strophanthidin (2) with 2,3,4-tri-0- acetyl-6-deoxy-a- L-mannosyl bromide was performed using silver car-... 

The dried roots and tops of lily of the valley, Convallaria majalis (Liliaceae/Convallariaceae), contain cardioactive glycosides (0.2-0.3%) and are used in some European countries rather than digitalis. The effects are similar, but the drug is less cumulative. This plant is widely cultivated as an ornamental, particularly for its intensely perfumed small white flowers, and must be considered potentially toxic. The major glycoside (40-50%) is convallatoxin (Figure 5.98), the rhamnoside of strophanthidin. 

Many plants containing cardioactive glycosides are widely grown as ornamentals and must be considered toxic and treated with due care and respect. These include Digitalis species, Convallaria majalis, Helleborus species, and oleander (Nerium oleander, Apocynaceae). 

Flowers Convallaria majalis, lily of valley Lead(II) acetate... 

Lily of the valley Convallaria majalis Cardioactive glycosides in root, flowers, leaves Bradycardia, A-V block Water from the cut flowers also toxic... 

Lily of the valley Convallaria majalis Cardiac toxicity... 

An herbaceous stem is one which is soft in texture and readily broken. Example Convallaria majalis. 

Fragrant lilies-of-the-valley Convallaria majalis) scent springtime air with small, white, dangling bell-shaped flowers carried on stalks above 6" long, pointed green leaves. Attractive but poisonous red berries follow the blossoms. Lily-of-the-valley spreads by thick rhizomes. Purple shoots appear in April, followed by buds. 

Lily-of-the-valley. See Convallaria fragrant (see Convallaria majalis Lima beans, downy mildew and, 34, 35,. 37... 

Synonyms Convallaria Convallaria majalis Con-vall-lily Jacob s Ladder Ladder-to-Heaven Lilje-konvall Lily Constancy Lily convalle Male Lily May Lily Our Lady s Tears... 

Animals are susceptible to toxicity following Convallaria majalis exposure. In one case report, a dog that ingested an unknown quantity of lily of the valley leaves suffered seizures and death. Autopsy findings revealed severe hepatic congestion and caudal vena cava distention. Gross and microscopic lesions consistent with cardiac shock were also evident. Leaves of the plant were found in the middle section of the jejunum. Animals exposed to... 

Convallaria majalis may receive activated charcoal, digoxin-specific immune Fab fragments, and supportive care as required. 

Chronic ingestion of Convallaria majalis may also result in clinically significant cardiac effects, although such exposures have rarely been reported. Patients chronically exposed to the plant may be less likely to present with gastrointestinal distress as their initial symptom of toxicity. 

Haugen S, Bryne E, and Falke M (2001) Grade I-II atrioventricular block following lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) intake A report of three cases. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 39(3) 303. 

The cardiac glycosides have up to now been isolated from a limited number of plant families Scrophuhridceae (Digitalis lanata), Apocynaceae (Strophanthus gratus, Nerium oleander), Hyacinthaceae (Urginea mar-itima), Convallariaceae (Convallaria majalis), and Ranunculaceae (Adonis vernalis). 

LILY OF THE VALLEY, Convallariae herba, consists of the dried aerial parts of Convallaria, majalis, (L.), family Convallariaceae, collected when the flowers are beginning to open, and contains 0.2-... 

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY Convallaria, majalis, L., Family Convallariaceae, contains about 20 cardiac glycosides the highest concentration occurs in flowers and berries, less in leaves and rhizome. Children have been intoxicated when they have eaten the red berries. After a latent period the symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and possibly cardiac irregularities. The suggested use of Lily of the Valley flowers in salads is highly dangerous. 

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