Controller design self-optimizing

After all our efforts, membrane research is still challenging and in need of fresh and innovative ideas. It is a highly interdisciphnary field, based on molecular chemistry, polymer physics, interfacial science and the science of random heterogeneous media. Could it be possible that the future lies in ordered nanostructured materials such as, for example, ordered polyelectrolyte brushes In such materials, studying the role of the sidechains (length, separation, controlled flexibility, hydrophobicity) and mechanisms of self-assembly, which will determine proton distribution at the mesoscopic scale, will be central for design and optimization. 

The cyclic peptide approach to nanotubes has some advautages over all other methods. In addition to diameter control, one can highlight that the properties of the outer surface of the nanotube can easily be modified by varying the amino acid side chains. In addition, due to the Cn symmetry of the backbone skeleton, nonsymmet-rical CPs can form an infinite number of different SPN (Figure 23b). This phenomenon is based on the interstrand rotation between two consecutive CPs, to form nonequivalent interactions for each j8-sheet. Appropriate unit design and optimization of conditions for self-assembly allows the nanotube properties to be tailored for specific applications. As a result, SPN can be used as (or in) porous solid materials, soluble cylindrical supermolecules, ion channels and other transmembrane pores, soUd-supported ion sensors, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents, and nanocluster composites. A recent review published by Granja et al. includes the most relevant examples in this area. ... 

Currently the main interest in template reactions lies in their key role in the controlled synthesis or the self-assembly of a variety of supramole-cular entities (449). One needs a combination of intuition, conjecture, and serendipity (450) a recent example of successfully combining serendipity and rational design is provided by the silver(I)-promoted assembly of one-dimensional stranded chains (451). One also needs an understanding of mechanism in order to optimize the selection and design of building blocks and templates for the generation of yet more sophisticated supramolecular structures references cited in this present review contain at least some kinetic or mechanistic information or speculation. Template routes to interlocked molecular structures have been reviewed (452), while a discussion of switching by transition metal contains a little about the kinetics and mechanisms of this aspect of template... 

Complementary to using repulsive interactions in order to achieve shape control, attractive interactions of relatively large building blocks, which are rationally designed regarding their shape, polarity, and functional groups, can be employed for intramolecular self-assembly [23]. In this case, the molecular structure optimizes itself to realize specific interactions between the blocks and minimize the interfacial energy. 

Often it is difficult to adjust the mixture proportions to achieve desired design parameters for all properties of concrete. Consequently the properties of colloidal underwater concrete are controlled by the addition of three chemical admixtures. Minimum water-cement ratios range from 0.36 to 0.40. Cement and fine-aggregate contents are usually higher than corresponding mixes placed on land, and silica fume may be used in conjunction with a superplasticizer or conventional water reducers to reduce segregation. The key to a non-dispersible concrete with self-leveling characteristics is the successful optimization of the VEA with the superplasticizer used to increase the slump. 

The last twenty years of the last millennium are characterized by complex automatization of industrial plants. Complex automatization of industrial plants means a switch to factories, automatons, robots and self adaptive optimization systems. The mentioned processes can be intensified by introducing mathematical methods into all physical and chemical processes. By being acquainted with the mathematical model of a process it is possible to control it, maintain it at an optimal level, provide maximal yield of the product, and obtain the product at a minimal cost. Statistical methods in mathematical modeling of a process should not be opposed to traditional theoretical methods of complete theoretical studies of a phenomenon. The higher the theoretical level of knowledge the more efficient is the application of statistical methods like design of experiment (DOE). 

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