Control graph

When control charts are developed for abnormal data distributions, as in the studied case, the results are as saw in Figure 3. In this figure, the control graph for the THDV of the LI phase of Sample A shows a very high number of outliers, 37 out of a set of 39 elements, which is totally contrary to the definition of outlier in section 2 of this work. This behavior persists even when submitting the data set to a Box-Cox transformation in an attempt to correct the distribution bias, the differences of the variances on the time axis or the possible nonlinearity of the data. 

Fig. 3. Control Graphs for the THDv of Phase LI of Sample A (Daily Subgroups).

To resolve the impossibility of analysis in non-normality cases in the distribution of data, which are typical in certain chemical and electrical processes for example, several authors [2, 3] have proposed the design of different control graphs based on different distributions to help overcome these difficulties, provided that the studied distributions are identified (Weibull, Burr XTT, Extreme Value etc.). However, there is a tool that permits the treatment of outliers, regardless of the t3qie of distribution being studied. 

Figure 5 contains a graph that shows the results of the functional outliers obtained for the THDV of Sample A, which could not be analyzed using traditional SCP control graphs as it contained an abnormal data distribution. The 39 functions recorded based on the 144 data/day appear in each of... 

Control graphs and the concept of rational subgroups can be used successfully in the search and elimination of outliers in harmonics present in electrical systems, provided that the data set follows a normal distribution. When data do not follow a normal distribution. Functional Data Analysis can be utilized effectively in the detection of outliers, also contributing major advantages in the detection of specific variability compared to traditional techniques such as Statistical Control Process. The functional approach greatly enhances the capacity for analysis facilitating massive and systematic analysis of the data. 

The control graph basically corresponds to the finite state diagram, as commonly drawn for controllers. However, we extended its semantics to allow concurrent multiple active states, and hierarchical structuring of such graphs. This allows multithreaded operation, as used, for instance, in chapter 9. The result of scheduling can now be expressed as links between DFG and CTG nodes. 

Switsur, R. (1990). Statistical quality control graphs in radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon, 32, 347—354. 

Control graph and module control notation, scheduling and microword encoding, and the PDP-11/40. 

Intermediate form Control data flow graph and Structured control graph... 

Figure 7-4. (a) A quality control graph of a polymer flow curve, (b) Apparent viscosity versus resistance time for nylon 66, showing thermal degradation. 

Similar models are used in existing high-level synthesis systems. They include DACON in Flamel [Tri87], YIF in YSC [BCM+88], sequence, data-flow, and control graphs in the Caddy system [CR89], Value Trace in CMU s System Architect s Workbench [TDW+90], and CDFG in Elf [GK84]. 

The obtained graph is the basis for evaluating the stress while applying the probe to controlled elements made of the same material and subjected to identical thermal processing as the reference sample... 

A graph showing the time-dependent change in the results of an analysis that is used to monitor whether an analysis is in a state of statistical control. 

Although the temperature can be controlled with a weU-designed air-conditioning system, the small fluctuations which most cycling systems cause may be very harmful. The temperature—time record should be a continuous, flat graph. 

E] Based on oxygen transfer from water to air 77 F. Liquid film resistance controls. (Dwnei- 77 F = 2.4 X 10 ). Equation is dimensional. Data was for thin-waUed polyethylene Raschig rings. Correlation also fit data for spheres. Fit 25%. See Reiss for graph. 

Crystallizers with Fines Removal In Example 3, the product was from a forced-circulation crystallizer of the MSMPR type. In many cases, the product produced by such machines is too small for commercial use therefore, a separation baffle is added within the crystallizer to permit the removal of unwanted fine crystalline material from the magma, thereby controlling the population density in the machine so as to produce a coarser ciystal product. When this is done, the product sample plots on a graph of In n versus L as shown in hne P, Fig. 18-62. The line of steepest ope, line F, represents the particle-size distribution of the fine material, and samples which show this distribution can be taken from the liquid leaving the fines-separation baffle. The product crystals have a slope of lower value, and typically there should be little or no material present smaller than Lj, the size which the baffle is designed to separate. The effective nucleation rate for the product material is the intersection of the extension of line P to zero size. 

The pump can be too far to the right, or too far to the left of its best effidtfH (BEP) but it cannot be off the curve. Conceivably, the pump can be operatitijj graph, and even off the page, but it cannot be off the curve. If the pum l% curve, something else is out of control, like the velocity, or impeller i assembled parts and tolerances. Now, the Tack of control is the real probteRkflU the pump. 

What must be done is establish the maximum flow, and the minimum flow, and implement controls. Regarding filters, you ve got to establish the flow and pressure (resistance) that corresponds to the new, clean filter, and determine the flow and resistance that represents the dirty filter and its moment for replacement. These points must be predetermined. The visual graph of the system eurve with its dynamie resistances are seen in this example filtering and recirculating a liquid in a tank. Consider the following graphs (Figures 8-18 and 8-19). 

If the material recovered has some economic value, the picture is different. Figure 28-2 shows the previous cost of control with the value recovered curve superimposed on it. The plant manager looking at such a curve would want to be operating in the area to the left of the intersection of the two curves, whereas the local air pollution forces would insist on operation as far to the right of the graph as the best available control technology would allow. 

The minimum operating frequency of the control IC is set by the combination of the R and C on the oscillator pin. First one select the oscillator capacitor from a graph. The discharge period to produce a 200 kHz period (5 qS) can be produced with a 200 to 300 pF capacitor. Make Cose = 220 pF. The oscillator resistor is calculated from... 

Signal-flow graphs are particularly useful in two respects. First, they make the process designer examine in considerable detail the dynamic structure and fimctioning of the process. Second, the nature of the interface between person and machine can be seen more clearly. The variables that are displayed in a system are, of course, available for study, but workers frequently respond to derivative functions of variables or "hidden" variables that must be deduced. Given that the process variables to be displayed will influence the worker s control strategy and that the number of deductions to be made will affect the mental workload involved, a process designer can select the type and amoimt of process information which will enhance performance of the task. 

FIGURE 4.9. Block Diagram and Signal-Flow Graph for "Substance" Control System in Paper-Making (from Beishon, 1969). 

If the kinetics of the reaction disobey the Michaelis-Menten equation, the violation is revealed by a departure from linearity in these straight-line graphs. We shall see in the next chapter that such deviations from linearity are characteristic of the kinetics of regulatory enzymes known as allosteric enzymes. Such regulatory enzymes are very important in the overall control of metabolic pathways. 

The graph in Fig. 10.12 shows that the purity decreases very quickly below acceptable levels as retention factor of the more retained enantiomer decreases. Flowever, with minor adjustment of the SMB internal flow rates, a variation of more than 10 % of the retention factor of the more retained enantiomer still meets required purity, productivity, and eluent consumption. Control of critical parameters such as retention factors can be made without modification of the feed and eluent flowrates. 

Curves B and C are for variable vane inlet dampening, and Curve A is for oudet dampening of a backward blade fan. Curve E shows an oudet damper with a multiple step speed slip-ring motor. This has an outlet damper for final control from 89-100%. From this graph, a reasonably accurate selection can be made of the control features to consider for most installation conditions. 

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