Control block diagram

A blend controller block diagram is shown in Fig. 6, A system for preparing bread and pastry dough is shown in Fig. 7. Applications for continuous blending systems are frequently found in the petroleum, petrochemical, fond and beverage, building materials, pharmaceutical, automotive, and chemical industries, among others. 

Figure 1.1 Robotic System Simulation and Control Block Diagram...

The neural network in the controller block diagram has a model IV architecture with one hidden layer, as shown in Fig. 4.14. It is pretrained to the dynamics of the smart structural system using experimental input/output data. As shown in Fig. 4.15, the input vector to the network consists of n - - 1 samples of the plant input and m - - 1 samples of the plant output. The hidden and output layers have P and 1 neurons respectively. 

Figure 12.1 Receding horizon controller block diagram (Kothare, 2006).

Equations, such as Eqn. (5.45), are not very convenient for representation in a control block diagram. The z-transform is an elegant way of representing discrete transfer functions. The backward shift operator z is defined as ... 

Figure 17.1 Open loop heater control block diagram.

Figure 17.2 Intermittent (manual) closed loop control block diagram [9],...

Figure 17.3 Typical closed loop control block diagram.

Fig. 9.24 Cursor controller block diagram Some Troubleshooting hints follow ...

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the vibrometer, in which the most sensible to small phase variations interferometric scheme is employed. It consists of the microwave and the display units. The display unit consists of the power supply 1, controller 2 of the phase modulator 3, microprocessor unit 9 and low-frequency amplifier 10. The microwave unit contains the electromechanical phase modulator 3, a solid-state microwave oscillator 4, an attenuator 5, a bidirectional coupler 6, a horn antenna 7 and a microwave detector 11. The horn antenna is used for transmitting the microwave and receiving the reflected signal, which is mixed with the reference signal in the bidirectional coupler. In the reference channel the electromechanical phase modulator is used to provide automatic calibration of the instrument. To adjust the antenna beam to the object under test, the microwave unit is placed on the platform which can be shifted in vertical and horizontal planes. 

Using block diagram algebra and Laplace transform variables, the controlled variable C(.s) is given by... 

Other Considerations in Feedforward Control The tuning of feedforward and feedback control systems can be performed independently. In analyzing the block diagram in Fig. 8-32, note that Gy is chosen to cancel out the effects of the disturbance Us) as long as there are no model errors. For the feedback loop, therefore, the effects of L. s) can also be ignored, which for the sei vo case is ... 

The Smith predictor is a model-based control strategy that involves a more complicated block diagram than that for a conventional feedback controller, although a PID controller is still central to the control strategy (see Fig. 8-37). The key concept is based on better coordination of the timing of manipulated variable action. The loop configuration takes into account the facd that the current controlled variable measurement is not a result of the current manipulated variable action, but the value taken 0 time units earlier. Time-delay compensation can yield excellent performance however, if the process model parameters change (especially the time delay), the Smith predictor performance will deteriorate and is not recommended unless other precautions are taken. 

FIG. 8-37 Block diagram of the Smith predictor. The process model used in the controller is G = G°e (G = model without delay = time delay element). 

As an illustrative example, consider the simplified block diagram for a representative decoupling control system shown in Fig. 8-41. The two controlled variables Ci and Co and two manipulated variables Mi and Mo are related by four process transfer functions, Gpn, Gpi9, and pie, Gpii denotes the transfer function between Mi... 

Figure 8-41 includes two conventional feedback controllers G i controls Cl by manipulating Mi, and G o controls C9 by manipidating Mo. The output sign s from the feedback controllers serve as input signals to the two decouplers D o and D91. The block diagram is in a simplified form because the load variables and transfer functions for the final control elements and sensors have been omitted. 

Figure 6.6 Typical block diagram of a W/control scheme with open- or closed-loop control scheme...

Since the motor s fixed parameters can now be varied to suit a particular load requirement, there is no need to pre-match a motor with the load. Now any motor can be set to achieve the required characteristics to match with the load and its process needs. Full-rated torque (TJ at zero speed (during start) should be able to pick up most of the loads smoothly and softly. Where, however, a higher 7 s, than is necessary, a voltage boost can also be provided during a start to meet this requirement. (See also Section 6.16.1 on soft starting.) The application of phasor (vector) control in the speed control of an a.c. motor is shown in a block diagram in Figure 6.12. 

A simple block diagram as shown in Figure 6.13 illustrates the operation of a DTC drive. It contains two basic sections, one a torque control loop and the other a speed control loop. The main functions of these two control circuits are as follows ... 

Figure 6.12 Block diagram for a flux-oriented phasor control...

Figure 8 4. Lube oil block diagram used for a compressor lube system with a control system and a seal oil system.

It is conventional to refer to the system being controlled as the plant, and this, as with other elements, is represented by a block diagram. Some inputs, the engineer will have direct control over, and can be used to control the plant outputs. These are known as control inputs. There are other inputs over which the engineer has no control, and these will tend to deflect the plant outputs from their desired values. These are called disturbance inputs. 

Fig. 1.7 Block diagram of room temperature control system.

Fig. 1.11 Block diagram of CNC machine-tool control system.

The block diagram for the CNC machine tool control system is shown in Figure 1.11. 

The rudder provides a control moment on the hull to drive the actual heading towards the desired heading while the wind, waves and current produce moments that may help or hinder this action. The block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 1.13. 

Fig. 1.13 Block diagram of ship autopilot control system.

The elements of a closed-loop control system are represented in block diagram form using the transfer function approach. The general form of such a system is shown in Figure 4.1. 

Fig. 4.1 Block diagram of a closed-loop control system. R s) = Laplace transform of reference input r(t) C(s) = Laplace transform of controlled output c(t) B s) = Primary feedback signal, of value H(s)C(s) E s) = Actuating or error signal, of value R s) - B s), G s) = Product of all transfer functions along the forward path H s) = Product of all transfer functions along the feedback path G s)H s) = Open-loop transfer function = summing point symbol, used to denote algebraic summation = Signal take-off point Direction of information flow.

Block diagram reduction Control systems with multiple loops... 

Fig. 4.15 Block diagram representation of armature controlled DC servo-motor.

The block diagram for the control system is shown in Figure 4.27. From the block diagram, the forward-path transfer function G(.v) is... 

Fig. 4.27 Block diagram for liquid-level process control system.

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