Contracts direct purchasing

In addition to organized healthcare, private self-insured corporations may also contract directly with a PBM for services. Depending on the size of the PBM and its willingness to work with small groups, contracts may be written for prescription benefit management for small companies. However, many small companies enlist the services of a TPA for representation when it comes to purchasing the services of a PBM. 

The demand for metals as commodities is determined by the international trade cycle. Supply and demand are rarely in equilibrium, and for this reason there is a need for an international terminal market as a gathering of traders to purchase and sell metal, establishing a net supply-demand balance and setting prices accordingly. The bulk of metal traded on world markets is contracted directly between producer and consumer, but is priced on the basis of the international terminal market quotation. 

Direct costs are also entered at the work package level for items acquired by direct purchases. Direct costs include normally different types of cost items such as material, equipment, or contract workers. 

Further government regulation that totally changed how natural gas was distributed resolved this difficulty. Historically, pipeline companies were required to act as purchasers and resellers of gas. The new approach ol the 1980s limited pipelines to selling transmission seiwices. Customers of the pipelines purchase the gas directly from producers. By exiting from gas purchasing, the pipelines could similarly hack out of unattractive contracts. 

Authors receive jointly 30 complimentary copies of their book. No royalty is paid on Lecture Notes in Physics volumes. But authors are entitled to purchase directly from Springer other books from Springer (excluding Hager and Landolt-Bornstein) at a 33 % discount off the list price. Resale of such copies or of free copies is not permitted. Commitment to publish is made by a letter of interest rather than by signing a formal contract. Springer secures the copyright for each volume. 

Generally, there is no contract between the pharmaceutical company and the patient who is prescribed the product by a doctor. In the United Kingdom, it has been held that where a product is prescribed under a National Health Service scheme, it is not prescribed as a result of a contract between the pharmaceutical company and the patient because legislation exists that requires a pharmacist to supply the product on the production of a valid prescription. For nonprescription, over-the-counter (OTC) products, there is a contract between the retailer and the consumer who purchases the pharmaceutical product, but there is still usually no direct link in contractual terms to the manufacturer of the product. It may be, however, that the contract between the manufacturer and the retailer contains an indemnity provision. Then, in the event of a successful claim for breach of contract made against the retailer by the customer, the manufacturer would effectively be required to reimburse the retailer for the amount ordered to be paid in compensation to the customer. 

Densified fuel pellets may be used as boiler fuel in place of coal in stoker-fired furnaces. Direct substitution of fuel pellets was demonstrated in two informally reported instances with no furnace adjustments. The particulate emission from each of these installations were monitored with the emission rate results shown in Figure 2. As a comparison, the North Carolina Administrative Code allowable particulate emission rate schedule (a function of heating rate) is also shown. The environmentally acceptable particulate emission contributes to the economic justification of the conversion of small-to-medium size steam generators to the use of pelleted biomass fuels. Two such installations are now using pelleted fuels on a routine basis, and a third has concluded the economic benefit by entering into a contract agreement to purchase pelleted fuel. 

Factoring, in its purest form. .. involves only the purchase of ac-coimts receivable (or "receivables") by the factor from the party (called the "client") with whom it h a hictoring contract. The client assumes all risks of nonpa3maent of the receivable except the "financial inability of the account debtor (customer) to pay.". .. The factor agrees to pay on a monthly basis for purchased receivables at a date computed under the contract, usually called the "average maturity date" or adjusted average maturity date. The customer is immediately notified of the sale of the receivable to the foctor and is instructed to make all payments directly to the factor. ... 

GAO did find a sympathetic ear in one judicial circuit. In Eli Lilly Co. v. Staats,26 the Seventh Circuit concluded that because R D, marketing, and promotion costs constituted a major portion of the total price of the contracts, they were directly pertinent under both common and legal understandings. 27 The court concluded that records were directly pertinent to a contract if it is a significant input in the cost of the product purchased in the contract. 28... 

But the challenge presented by the trend toward larger farms, with the heavier investment in equipment and the employment of sophisticated farming methods, will go far beyond the supplying of more sophisticated chemicals and formulations. Whatever shape the farm of the future may take—family farm or corporate, specialized or multi-crop, contract production or free choice—the small farmer will become less and less influential in the key buying decisions. The decision-maker on purchases will be more and more a professional. His purchases will be made in large lots, and he will insist on buying as directly as possible... 

The effect of synthetic ammonia in the L nited States is very marked. Before the advent of tfie direct synthetic ammonia process, liquid anhydrous ammonia was sellin r in the Eastern states at 32 cents per pound in cylinders. In addition, it was the practice for the dealer to receive a deposit for the cylinder so that his investment was tied up only in those cylinders which were idle at his plant or warehouses. At the present time this ammonia is being purchased by the Government on contract with the Mathieson Alkali Works at 10j/2 cents per pound in 100 pound cylinders, delivered to point of consumption, and no cylinder deposit is required. In bulk, It has sold for as low as 6 cents per pound. 

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